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Å GI OG Å TA IMOT : Donald Meltzers psykoanalytiske tenkning i tradisjonen fra Melanie Klein og Wilfred Bion

Stokkeland, Jon Morgan (Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 17-Jun-2013)

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Erke, Maja Gran (Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 30-May-2013)

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Abstract:	Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an important cause of visual impairment and blindness worldwide. The number of people affected by the disease is expected to rise due to increasing longevity. Development of adequate eye care for these patients should be based on knowledge about the prevalence of AMD. Further, preventive measures are the best strategy for any disease. The aims of this thesis were to estimate the prevalence of AMD and examine risk factors associated with AMD. We described prevalence rates of AMD among Caucasian elderly participants from the Tromsø Eye Study, a population-based study in Norway. The overall prevalence of late AMD was 3.5 % among the participants aged 65-87 years old. Neovascular AMD outnumbered geographic atrophy. Symmetry between eyes was relatively low. Prevalence increased strongly with age. No significant sex differences in prevalence rates of AMD were observed. Refractive error was lower in eyes with late AMD than in eyes without late AMD. We then analysed relationships between traditional cardiovascular risk factors and AMD. Daily smoking was a strong predictor for the presence of late AMD. We found a significant interaction between age and sex for late AMD, suggesting that age may be a stronger risk factor for late AMD in women than in men. Higher systolic blood pressure, higher pulse pressure, infrequent physical exercise and overweight or obesity were in adjusted analyses associated with late AMD in females, but this was not observed in men. Based on our observation of sex and AMD, we studied associations between female hormone related factors and AMD. We found a significant inverse relationship between duration of lactation and late AMD. No significant relationships were found between late AMD and exogenous oestrogen exposure in the form of contraceptives or hormone therapy. Nor did we find an association between late AMD and onset, end or length of fertile years, bilateral oophorectomy or parity as surrogate measures.
Description:	The papers of this thesis are not available in Munin: 1. Bertelsen G, Erke MG, von Hanno T, Mathiesen EB, Peto T, Sjølie AK and Njølstad I.: 'The Tromsø Eye Study: study design, methodology and results on visual acuity and refractive errors', Acta Ophthalmologica (2012), Online before print. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2012.02511.x 2. Erke MG, Bertelsen G, Peto T, Sjølie AK, Lindekleiv H and Njølstad I.: 'Prevalence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Elderly Caucasians: The Tromsø Eye Study', Ophthalmology (2012), vol.119(9):1737–1743. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.03.016 3. Erke MG, Bertelsen G, Peto T, Sjølie AK, Lindekleiv H and Njølstad I.: 'Cardiovascular risk factors associated with agerelated macular degeneration: The Tromsø Study' (manuscript) 4. Erke MG, Bertelsen G, Peto T, Sjølie AK, Lindekleiv H and Njølstad I.: 'Lactation, female hormones and age-related macular degeneration: The Tromsø Study' (manuscript)
URI:	http://hdl.handle.net/10037/5155

File(s) in this item: 1

thesis.pdf (942.4Kb)

Seabirds, climate and prey. A population study of two seabird species.

Reiertsen, Tone Kristin (Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 30-May-2013)

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Abstract:	Many seabird populations have declined dramatically over recent decades, and studying the demography and population dynamic in seabird populations is important to gaining a better understanding of causes and mechanisms lying behind such changes and to identify targets for conservation and management. Climate and prey availability are known to affect demography and population dynamics of seabirds. Climate is now changing and a warming of the ocean may lead to changed availability of prey species and will affect seabirds through their demographic traits and ultimately their abundance and distribution. The main aim of this thesis was to study the impact of climate and prey abundance on seabird demography and population dynamics, using two seabird populations; the black-legged kittiwake Rissa tridactyla and the Common guillemot Uria aalge breeding on Hornøya in NE Norway whose populations are declining in Norway. The first question addressed in the thesis was how environmental conditions affect the demography and population variability of kittiwakes and guillemots. The non-breeding distribution of the kittiwakes has recently been documented using year-round light-based geolocators, and we investigated the relationship between environmental conditions in these non-breeding areas and the adult survival of kittiwakes breeding on Hornøya. We found for the kittiwakes that Thecosomata, a group of pteropods (also called sea butterflies), in the Grand Banks/Labrador Sea area in winter and the capelin Mallotus villosus stock in Barents Sea in the pre-breeding season together explained as much as 52 % of the yearly variation in adult survival rate. Further we found that the availability of 0-group cod Gadus morhua was a much more important factor affecting demography and determining the population dynamics of the common guillemot in the Barents Sea than previously considered. The second question was which demographic trait drives the population dynamics of the steeply declining kittiwake population on Hornøya. We showed, by using demographic matrix modeling and LTRE analyses, that both the variability in breeding success (and hence the recruitment to the population) and adult survival rate contributed to the steep decline in the kittiwake population on Hornøya. The strong reduction in breeding success (and hence a decline in recruitment to the population) had, however, the highest impact. The final question was whether populations can adapt to environmental changes through micro-evolutionary processes. This study found that adult survival of the two different genetic colour morphs (bridled and non-bridled morph) of the common guillemot responded differently to yearly variability in sea surface temperatures. Colour dimorphism may, in this case serve as a genetic marker in the guillemot population, and can potentially visualize the direction of selection and micro-evolutionary processes driven by climate. The studies in this thesis contribute to the understanding of the population dynamic of two declining seabird species which are both on the Norwegian Red List, and to the directions of future studies and conservation targets of both species.
Description:	Papers 1, 2 and 4 of this thesis are not available in Munin: 1. Reiertsen, T.K., Erikstad, K.E., Anker-Nilssen, T., Barrett, R.T., Boulinier, T., Frederiksen, M., González-Solís, J., Gremillet, D., Johns, D., Moe, B., Ponchon, A., Sandvik, H., Skern-Mauritzen, M. and Yoccoz, N.G.: 'Prey density in non-breeding areas affects adult survival of black-legged kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla breeding in the southern Barents Sea' (manuscript). 2. Reiertsen, T.K., Barrett, R.T. and Erikstad, K.E.: 'Kittiwakes on the cliff edge: a demographic analysis of a steeply declining arctic kittiwake population' (manuscript). 4. Reiertsen, T.K., Erikstad, K.., Barrett, R.obert T., Sandvik, H. and Yoccoz, N.: 'Climate fluctuations and differential survival of bridled and non-bridled Common Guillemots Uria aalge', Ecosphere (2013), vol. 3(6). Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES12-00031R
URI:	http://hdl.handle.net/10037/5158

File(s) in this item: 2

paper_3.pdf (943.5Kb)

thesis.pdf (1.264Mb)

Determinants and effects of moth population dynamics in altitudinal gradients in northern Fennoscandia

Schott, Tino (Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 21-May-2013)

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Abstract:	The aim of this PhD-project has been to increase our knowledge of trophic interactions along altitudinal gradients in a system of sympatric, cyclically outbreaking geometrid moth species in sub-arctic, coastal birch forest in northern Norway. The project resulted in four scientific publications; two sub-studies focused on the causal effect of natural enemies on the observed complex spatio-temporal dynamics of the moth species (Papers 1 & 2). The other two sub-studies investigated the ecological effects of variable moth larvae densities as a resource for predators in the sub-Arctic ecosystem (Papers 3 & 4). In paper 1, we rejected the hypothesis that larval parasitoids might terminate moth population peaks, one of the most important hypotheses on insect population regulation. We, however, found that larval parasitoids can influence local spatial variation in moth population density. Hence, we concluded that spatial replication of sampling sites is crucial to arrive at non-biased estimates for the temporal effect of larval parasitoids on host populations. The long enduring debate on the regulation potential of parasitoids on insect populations in the scientific literature may be viewed in light of our findings. Similarly, in Paper 2, we tested if the often-observed spatial outbreak patterns of moth populations might be a result of release from invertebrate predators. Along mountain slopes, moth outbreaks in northern Fennoscandia often occur close to the tree line, and we tested if the abundance of ground dwelling invertebrate predators was inversely correlated with altitude, testing the assumption that moth outbreaks may be a result of reduced predation impact at high altitudes. As our analyses could not reveal this predicted pattern, we rejected the hypothesis. Consequently, the first two sub-studies delimitated the number of candidate factors that might shape Fennoscandian moth dynamics by reevaluating the role of larval parasitoids and ground-dwelling invertebrate predators. In paper 3, we reanalyzed the data from Paper 1 from the parasitoid's perspective by determining the dependencies of individual parasitoid species to host densities. For comparison, we also estimated the strength of effects hidden in the spatial and temporal attributes of altitude and year on parasitoid prevalence rates. We found that altitude and year, rather than host density, explained by far most of the extra-binomial variation in the parasitoid prevalence data. Hence, we concluded that unknown factors, which co-vary with altitude and year, dominate the prevalence dynamics of the larval parasitoids in our study and, consequently, act to decouple parasitoid dynamics from the dynamics of their hosts. Moth larvae as a resource for predators were also the focal issue in Paper 4, which focused on the importance of prey availability and forest phenology for breeding parameters in the two passerine birds great tit and pied flycatcher. The study was based on the phenological conflict that spring arrives in mountain slopes first at low altitude, while the bird's main food resource during the breeding season (i.e. moth larvae) often dominates forest habitat at higher altitude. Thus, we tested if passerine birds select breeding habitat according to the onset of spring or the availability of moth larvae and if the two bird species differed in this respect. We found that the phenological timing was the main driving force for both species when selecting breeding habitat lowest in the gradients where spring arrived first. However, also the positive correlations with moth larvae density appeared to be significant in our analyses. The main difference between the two species was found in the timing strategy for egg laying and size of clutches, which might make the great tit more prone to mismatch during springs of lower temperature. In addition, while nest box occupancy decreased with altitude in both species, the same relationship with respect to clutch size was only found for pied flycatchers, but not for great tits. Finally, great tits were more prone to fail during their breeding attempt and we concluded that the pied flycatcher, by laying eggs up to two weeks after great tits, appears to be the better adapted species with respect to breedig at sub-arctic conditions. This PhD-thesis strengthens the view that so-called top-down interactions in the ecological moth system in northern Fennoscandia cannot explain complex moth population dynamics, but that moth larvae can be regarded as a valuable resource for species at other trophic levels. The consistent dominance of altitude and year in all our analyses, on the other hand, suggests that explanations for the complex spatio-temporal moth population dynamics ought to be looked for in mechanisms ruled by environmentally governed processes such as phenology.
Description:	The papers of this thesis are not available in Munin: 1. Schott T., Hagen S.B., Ims R.A. & Yoccoz N.G.: 'Are population outbreaks in sub-arctic geometrids terminated by larval parasitoids?', Journal of Animal Ecology (2010), vol.79:701-708. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01673.x 2. Schott T., Kapari L., Hagen S.B., Vindstad O.P.L., Jepsen J.U. & Ims R.A.: 'Predator release from invertebrate generalists does not explain geometrid moth outbreaks at high altitudes', The Canadian Entomologist (2013), vol.145:184-192. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2012.109 3. Schott T., Ims R.A., Hagen S.B. & Yoccoz N.G.: 'Sources of variation in larval parasitism of two symmetrically outbreaking birch forest defoliators', Ecological Entomology (2012), vol. 37:471-479. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2012.01386.x 4. Schott T., Svavarsdottir S., Hagen S.B., Kapari L., Vindstad O.P.L., Biuw M., Jepsen J.U. & Ims R.A.: 'Coping with variation in prey abundance and phenology: Comparative breeding performance of two passerines at the northern limit of their geographic range' (manuscript).
URI:	http://hdl.handle.net/10037/5159

File(s) in this item: 1

thesis.pdf (3.351Mb)

Vitamin D, Depression and Headache - Results from the Tromsø Study and an intervention study with vitamin D

Kjærgaard, Marie (Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 19-Apr-2013)

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Abstract:	Vitamin D is well known for the effect in bone metabolism and calcium regulation. In the past decade increasing evidence that vitamin D might be important in other areas has emerged. Especially glucose metabolism, cardiovascular disease and infectious diseases have been investigated. In addition, several population studies have shown that an association between vitamin D and depression might be of importance. Furthermore, increasing headache prevalence with higher latitudes has led to theories about a relation between headache and vitamin D. Our analyses from the Tromsø Study confirm that low levels of vitamin D are associated with higher depression scores independent of lifestyle factors that might influence vitamin D. However, whether vitamin D has any effect in treatment of depression cannot be answered from this type of study. We further investigated this by treating 243 healthy persons with either vitamin D or placebo for six months and monitoring depression by use of questionnaires and interviews. We found no superior effect of vitamin D compared with placebo in our study, but other studies suggest vitamin D might be beneficial in persons with more severe depressive symptoms. Furthermore, we did analyses of the depression questionnaires used (BDI-II, HADS, MADRS), and found that they are solid instruments, which can also be used in a healthy population. The analyses of the data from the Tromsø Study in addition showed that Tension-Type Headache are associated with low vitamin D levels, but even though adjustment were made for lifestyle factors, it is possible that this association is caused by an unhealthy lifestyle in persons with headache. We did not find any association between vitamin D and migraine. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Description:	The papers of this thesis are not available in Munin: 1. Paper I. Kjærgaard, M., R. Joakimsen, and R. Jorde: 'Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with depression in an adult Norwegian population', Psychiatry Research (2011), vol. 190(2-3):221-225. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.06.024 2. Kjærgaard, M., K. Waterloo, C.E. Wang, B. Almås, Y. Figenschau, M.S. Hutchinson, J. Svartberg, and R. Jorde: 'Effect of vitamin D supplement on depression scores in people with low levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D: nested case-control study and randomised clinical trial', British Journal of Psychiatry (2012), vol. 201(5):360-368. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.104349 3. Kjærgaard M, C.E.A. Wang, K. Waterloo, and R. Jorde: 'A study of the psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II, the Montgomery and Åsberg Depression Rating Scale and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in a healthy population' (manuscript) 4. Kjærgaard M, A.E. Eggen, E.B. Mathiesen, and R. Jorde: 'Association Between Headache and Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D; the Tromsø Study: Tromsø 6', Headache (2012), vol.52(10):1499-1505. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2012.02250.x
URI:	http://hdl.handle.net/10037/5128

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thesis.pdf (1.040Mb)

Anglerfish Lophius piscatorius L. in Faroese waters. Life history, ecological importance and stock status

Ofstad, Lise Helen (Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 16-Apr-2013)

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Abstract:	Anglerfish Lophius piscatorius has during the last two decades become a highly exploited resource and is now one of the five most economically important demersal fish species in the Faroese fishery. Despite this, there is at present little information available on the population status of anglerfish in Faroese waters. The main aim of this study is to increase the biological knowledge of anglerfish and to perform an assessment of the stock in order to evaluate the sustainability of the anglerfish fishery and to investigate trophic interactions between anglerfish and other commercially important demersal fish species. Anglerfish illicia, the first fin ray, were used for age reading. The age determinations were validated and concluded to be useful in an age-based assessment because the growth rates were consistent with length frequency and mark-recapture analyses. Anglerfish have a very high growth rate during their first year of life, compared with the older ages. Males mature at a lower length and younger age than females. The L50 for males and females was 58 cm and 84 cm, respectively, corresponding to an age of around four years for males and seven years for females. Observations of spawning males and females, egg-ribbons and pelagic anglerfish larvae revealed that anglerfish have a prolonged spawning season, which peaks from February to April. In addition, observations showed that there are at least two local spawning areas, one southwest of the Faroe Plateau and one in the Faroe Bank area. Large anglerfish tagged with data storage tags and conventional tags showed a seasonal offshore-onshore migration. They migrated to shallow depths in summer to feed and to deeper waters in winter, presumably to spawn. Anglerfish performed vertical movements up into the water column, and were most active in these vertical movements during the winter time and during the nights, and light intensity seemed to trigger the migrations. Anglerfish distribution was temperature dependent, since anglerfish generally preferred temperatures warmer than 4ºC, usually between 6.5–11ºC. This may explain why anglerfish were distributed deeper west of the Faroe Bank area compared to the Faroe Plateau, which is surrounded by cold water deeper than approximately 500 m. Anglerfish in Faroese waters preyed on a variety of food items. They were generally eating fish and the most important prey species in terms of numbers were Norway pout and blue whiting, whereas cod and haddock contributed most in weight. Annual consumption by anglerfish on commercially important demersal species, such as cod, haddock and saithe, was estimated to correspond to 33, 19 and 2% of the landings and to 75, 20 and 2% of biomass losses due to natural mortality, respectively. Even with this high cod consumption by anglerfish, cod cannibalism and fishing mortality still have greater impact on the cod stock dynamics than predation by anglerfish. The annual biomass loss of anglerfish due to cannibalism was estimated to nearly 15% of the annual loss due to natural mortality. Anglerfish in Faroese waters may be regarded as a separate stock because all life stages are found in the area, local spawning area, seasonal offshore-onshore migration on the Faroe Plateau, together with insignificant emigration/immigration (< 5%). An age-based stock assessment of anglerfish in Faroese waters for the period 1999–2011 showed that the stock biomass ranged between 9000 and 19000 t with a peak in 2004–2005 and the fishing mortality for age 3–8 varied between 0.2 and 0.5 year-1. The yield per recruit curve indicated that the stock was slightly growth overfished. Decreasing the fishing mortality could potentially increase the yield per recruit by around 10% leading to a 50% higher equilibrium biomass of anglerfish. No clear stock-recruitment relationship was found. On the other hand, anglerfish year-class strength was correlated with environmental variables, such as sandeel abundance. Hence, the rather short time series of anglerfish year-class strength provides little or no evidence of recruitment overfishing. It is recommended that stock assessments should be performed on an annual basis, allowing managers to react timely when there are signs of overfishing or recruitment failure due to natural or fishery causes.
Description:	The papers of this thesis are not available in Munin: 1. Ofstad, L.H., Pedersen, T., Angus, C.H., and Steingrund, P.: 'Age and growth of anglerfish (Lophius piscatorius) in Faroese waters', Fisheries Research (2013), vol.139:51–60. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2012.05.011 2. Ofstad, L.H., Pedersen, T., and Steingrund, P.: 'Maturation, reproduction and early life history of anglerfish Lophius piscatorius in Faroese waters' (manuscript) 3. Ofstad, L.H., Steingrund, P., and Pedersen, T.: 'Seasonal offshore-onshore migration and distribution of anglerfish Lophius piscatorius in Faroese waters' (manuscript) 4. Ofstad, L.H., Steingrund, P., and Pedersen, T.: 'Feeding ecology of anglerfish Lophius piscatorius in Faroese waters' (manuscript)
URI:	http://hdl.handle.net/10037/5070

File(s) in this item: 1

thesis.pdf (5.639Mb)

Encountering Complexity. Hybrid Discourse and Individual Management of Multilingualism and Social Meaning

Hiss, Florian (Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 11-Apr-2013)

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Abstract:	The thesis encompasses six sociolinguistic and discourse analytic case studies on multilingualism and individual agency. Against the complexity of the current sociolinguistic situation of Sámi in Northern Norway, the studies shed light on the active agencies of various individual actors in different communicative settings. The case studies are concerned with three different sites: the global discourse of language endangerment in its encounter with the interests of local actors in the Sámi media; local informants’ individual management of responsibilities and identities in the face of uncertainty and the risk of language loss; and the attitudinal positioning of various actors during the debate on the introduction of the administrative area for the Sámi language in Tromsø. All studies analyse individual strategies of meaning-making, positioning, and metalinguistic contextualization in discourse, with focus on identity, storytelling, stance-taking, and responsibility. In all cases, individual actors, in the roles of, e.g., journalists, experts, local informants, the researcher, and local community members participating in media debates, face a large contextual complexity. Presenting different linguistic strategies of individual self-organization vis-à-vis this sociolinguistic and contextual complexity, I argue that especially hybrid properties of discourse enable individual actors to manage for themselves the challenges and complexities they encounter in social contexts and with respect to their to their (Sámi, Norwegian, and other) language(s).
Description:	Papers 1,3,4 and 5 of this thesis are not available in Munin: 1. Hiss, Florian: 'The Metaphors and Metafunctions of Endangerment Discourse' (manuscript). 3. Hiss, Florian: 'Managing Sociolinguistic Challenges: Storytelling about Language Loss and Continuity in the Case of Sámi', in Karin Jóhanna L. Knudsen, Hjalmar P. Petersen and Kári á Rógvi (eds). "4 or more languages for all: Language policy challenges for the future", p 36-54 Novus. (2012). 4. Hiss, Florian: 'Engagement in Sámi language revitalization: Responsibility management in a research interview' (manuscript). 5. Hiss, Florian: 'Tromsø as a “Sámi Town”? – Language ideologies, attitudes, and debates surrounding bilingual language policies', Language Policy (2012), October. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10993-012-9254-7
URI:	http://hdl.handle.net/10037/4957

File(s) in this item: 3

paper_2.pdf (432.1Kb)

paper_6.pdf (404.8Kb)

thesis.pdf (1.036Mb)

Co-constructing standards in nursing

Meum, Torbjørg (Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 05-Apr-2013)

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Abstract:	Avhandlingen presenterer en kvalitativ studie av innføring og bruk av standarder i sykepleie og bygger på empiriske studier fra ulike sykehusmiljø. Standardisering er ofte ansett som en viktig forutsetning for å oppnå sømløs integrasjon ved bruk av informasjons – og kommunikasjonsteknologi (IKT) i helsesektoren. Terminologier og retningslinjer blir ofte utviklet av internasjonale organisasjoner som involverer omfattende prosesser for å ivareta faglige og helsepolitiske krav. Når standarder blir tatt i bruk blir de en del av en lokal arbeidspraksis som er preget av et dynamiske miljø som transformeres i takt med utvikling av ny kunnskap, teknologi og samarbeidsstrukturer. Fokuset for avhandlingen er i dette spenningsfeltet og gir først og fremst økt teoretisk og empirisk innsikt i de gjensidige tilpasningene mellom universelle standarder og lokal praksis (ko-konstruksjon). Videre gir studien innsikt i de koordinerende egenskaper ved bruk av standarder som en integrert del av arbeidspraksis og kan også ha betydning for design og utvikling av prosesstøttende EPR systemer.
Description:	The papers of this thesis are not available in Munin: 1. Meum, T. and G. Ellingsen: '‘Sound of silence’ – changing from an oral to a computer-mediated handover', Behaviour & Information Technology (2011), vol. 30(4):479-488. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2010.547221 2. Torbjørg Meum, Gro Wangensteen, Harald Igesund, Gunnar Ellingsen and Eric Monteiro: 'Standardization – the iron cage of nurses' work', in Studies in Health Technology and Informatics (2010), Volume 157: Information Technology in Health Care: Socio-Technical Approaches. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-569-3-85 3. Torbjørg Meum, Eric Monteiro and Gunnar Ellingsen: 'The Pendulum of Standardization', ECSCW 2011: Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 24-28 September 2011. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-913-0_6 4. Meum, Torbjørg and Ellingsen, Gunnar: 'Standardization in nursing practice: Cross-contextual information sharing', ECIS 2011 Proceedings. Paper 139. Available at http://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2011/139 5. Meum, T.: '“Lost in Translation”: The Challenges of Seamless Integration in Nursing Practices' (manuscript). 6. Torbjørg Meum: 'Electronic medication management: a socio - technical change process in clinical practice', CSCW '12 Proceedings of the ACM 2012 conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (2012), Pages 877-886. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2145204.2145335
URI:	http://hdl.handle.net/10037/5082

File(s) in this item: 1

thesis.pdf (2.353Mb)

Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Barents Sea area : population biology and linkages to sea ice change, human disturbance and pollution

Andersen, Magnus (Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 16-Mar-2013)

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Abstract:	Polar bears in the Barents Sea population have been protected from hunting in Russia since 1956 and following the signing of the international Polar Bear Agreement in 1973 in Norway. This thesis seeks to summarise current knowledge on key population biology issues four decades after the Norwegian protection and almost six after the Russian. Further, it discusses threats that have developed in the decades following protection against human harvesting. It concludes with a discussion of the effect of multiple stressors on the population, and some thoughts on future research, monitoring and management. Polar bears in Svalbard and the Barents Sea area have been studied during the last 40 years with the aim of gaining knowledge regarding population biology and to evaluate potential sources of impact on the population from anthropogenic activity and changes to their habitat. The initial threat to polar bears in the region was unquestionably overharvest. Polar bear numbers were reduced quite drastically and hunting was clearly not sustainable. After the harvesting was stopped, the population grew in size to an estimated 2650 (1900-3600) in 2004. We believe that population recovery led to a wider distribution of maternity denning in the Svalbard Archipelago, compared to the period just after the protection of the population in 1973. However, during recent decades, the population has faced challenges from a variety of new anthropogenic impacts. The population has been exposed to a range of pollutants and an increasing level of human presence and activity within their range. Contaminants are bioaccumulated through the trophic levels in the marine food web, culminating in this top predator that consumes primarily ringed, bearded and harp seals. Females with small cubs use the land-fast sea ice for hunting, and are vulnerable to human disturbance. Changes in sea ice conditions also affect polar bears in the region, and reduced access to denning areas on the eastern islands of Svalbard is currently a concern. A decrease in spring land-fast ice close to important denning areas could negatively affect the survival of cubs. Research and monitoring provides advice to management bodies both locally and globally. Information on the presence of toxic compounds in High Arctic systems has resulted in progress in recent decades in having better control of harmful substances and in some cases international bans on their production and use. This has resulted in declining contaminant burdens in polar bears. Unfortunately, new harmful substances are finding their way to the Arctic, while others, such as radionuclides, are stored locally (within Russian Territories) in large quantities, representing potential sources of pollution. The protection of important habitats locally with restrictions on motorized traffic may help reduce negative impacts from human activity on polar bears in the region. The fate of polar bears with regard to climate change is uncertain, but significant negative effects have been documented and these impacts are expected to increase in the coming decades. Relevant research and monitoring of polar bears is essential for future management of the species. The arctic environment should be managed in such a way that the combined effects of stressors on polar bear populations are minimized.
Description:	All but paper 5 of this thesis are not available in Munin: 1. Aars J, Marques T A, Buckland ST, Andersen M, Belikov S, Boltunov A & Wiig Ø.: 'Estimating the Barents Sea polar bear subpopulation size', Marine Mammal Science (2009), vol. 25(1):35-52. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00228.x 2. Andersen M, Derocher AE, Wiig Ø & Aars J.: 'Movements of two Svalbard polar bears recorded using geographical positioning system satellite transmitters', Polar Biology (2008), vol. 31:501-507. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-008-0428-x 3. Freitas C, Kovacs KM, Andersen M, Aars J, Sandven S, Mauritzen M, Pavlova O & Lydersen C.: 'Importance of fast ice and glacier fronts for female polar bears and their cubs during spring in Svalbard, Norway', Marine Ecology Progress Series (2012), 447:289-304. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps09516 4. Andersen M, Derocher AE, Wiig Ø & Aars J.: 'Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) maternity den distribution in Svalbard, Norway', Polar Biology (2012), vol.35:499-508. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-011-1094-y 6. Andersen M and Aars J.: 'Short-term behavioural responses of polar bears to disturbance by snowmobiles', Polar Biology (2008), vol.31:501-507. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-007-0376-x 7. Derocher AE, Wiig Ø & Andersen M.: 'Diet composition of polar bears in Svalbard and the western Barents Sea', Polar Biology (2002), vol.25:448-452. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-002-0364-0 8. Andersen M, Lie E, Derocher AE, Belikov SE, Bernhoft A, Boltunov AN, Garner GW, Skaare JU & Wiig Ø.: 'Geographic variation of PCB congeners in polar bears (Ursus maritimus), from Svalbard to the Chukchi Sea', Polar Biology (2001), vol. 24:231-238. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000000201 9. Andersen M, Gwynn JP, Dowdall M, Lydersen C & Kovacs KM.: 'Radiocaesium in marine mammals from Svalbard, the Barents Sea and the North Greenland Sea', Science of the Total Environment (2006), vol. 363:87-94. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.06.019
URI:	http://hdl.handle.net/10037/5069

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Bureaucrats and Boundaries. The changing intersection between experts, local communities and environmental administration in nature protection

Bay-Larsen, Ingrid Agathe (Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 08-Mar-2013)

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Abstract:	Loss of biodiversity and fragmentation of habitats are two of the world’s persistent environmental problems. This is due to the emerging complexities, uncertainties and questions of societal scale in both defining and resolving the problems. One of the challenges connected to resolving these problems pertains to the divide between the local level, which carries the costs of restrictions and regulations of use and resource extraction, and the national and global levels, where benefits are realized in terms of multiple ecosystem services (also for future generations). Another salient challenge pertains to the divide between the aggregate level of scientific expertise about the environment and the concepts and capacities of stakeholders and their resource use. These are well-known divides that typically emerge in analyses of coupled social-ecological systems. Resolving environmental problems therefore takes place in the intersection between multiple scales, actors, agencies and competencies. The local and national/international levels are likely to differ in their perceptions of environmental problems and in their perceived needs and strategies for environmental protection. Deliberative environmental governance is increasingly a focus of the international environmental agenda, and a wide range of political programs and efforts have been launched to implement and increase the efficacy and legitimacy of environmental protection. The shift from environmental governing to governance is placing more emphasis on sectors, stakeholders and knowledge across multiple scales in environmental and other policy areas. This has added the dimension of vertical divides to persistent environmental problems in addition to the horizontal ones described above. The integration of actors, agencies and competencies across both the horizontal and vertical divides influences decision-making processes and the role and position of the environmental administration. Compared with environmental governing, deliberative environmental governance places less importance on legal instruments and formal rules, new roles for civil society, as well as trust in other institutions' expert knowledge. These shifts have implications for how the environmental administration maintains power and legitimacy for their decisions and programs. This thesis asks how Norwegian environmental administration responds to such a shift from governing to governance, in particular with respect to the empowerment of local user interests and the implementation of expert knowledge in the protection of areas and biodiversity. It also addresses how the administration utilizes the potential for combining national and local ambitions and perceptions of environmental policy. The overall research question is examined in three published articles, each answering one sub-question. Findings from these articles show that: 1) there are differing responses at the regional and national administrative levels to challenges of accountability and competence resulting from the decentralization of power; 2) the environmental administration struggles to address the inherent limitations in expert knowledge applied in environmental planning, particularly with respect to the complexities of environmental problems and how to handle scientific uncertainties; and 3) the contesters of environmental protection apply various power resources to challenge the comprehension of environmental problems upon which environmental policy rests. This thesis clearly shows how the ideals embedded in deliberative environmental governance are quickly faced with political, juridical and scientific complexities in the administrative reality. A paradox evolves as diverging strategies at administrative levels, and the lack of strategies to cope with the limitations of science, may weaken their power and position. Instead of protecting their role and the mandate of environmental programs, a further marginalizing of environmental protection may be the consequence. This thesis suggests that administrative strategies and guidelines also need to be amended in order to solve persistent environmental problems. Lessons learned from this thesis include the need to harmonize strategies across administrative levels and to develop guidelines to differentiate between users that are potential allies for nature protection (as embedded in international environmental conventions), versus the users that are capable of marginalizing the environmental administration and their legitimacy and efficiency. Environmental administration at both levels also needs to develop strategies to manage the limitations of scientific expertise (complexities and uncertainties) so that these are not used strategically to contest environmental programs. Finally, this thesis shows how the environmental administration not only deals with the protection of areas and nature, but also with the protection of discourses that regulate the administrative power, the boundaries between science and policy and the comprehension of coupled social-ecological systems.
Description:	The papers of this thesis are not available in Munin: 1. Ingrid Bay-Larsen: 'The conservationists’ concerns: on national administration response to integrated use and protection planning', Local Environment (2010), vol.15(4):357-371. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549831003677688> 2. Ingrid Bay-Larsen: 'The Premises and Promises of Trolls in Norwegian Biodiversity Preservation', Environmental Management (2012), vol. 49(5):942-953 . Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9837-2 3. Ingrid Bay-Larsen: 'The constitution of power in Norway’s protected areas: on shore and in the sea', Local Environment (2012), vol. 17(3):331–347. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2012.665862
URI:	http://hdl.handle.net/10037/5071

File(s) in this item: 1

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Context and (Co)reference in the syntax and its interfaces

Sundaresan, Sandhya (Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 07-Mar-2013)

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Abstract:

It is well known that referentially defective nominals fall into two broad categories: pro-forms whose reference seems structurally constrained (local anaphors, OC pro) and those which are discourse-pragmatically conditioned (logophors, deictic pronouns, indexicals). Nevertheless, a strict binary distinction cannot be maintained because most actually straddle the syntax-discourse divide: e.g. deictic pronouns can be variable-bound, indexicals may be “shifted” under certain intensional operators, and logophors and long-distance anaphors often look and behave alike. The central thesis of this dissertation is that a proper subset of pro-forms can receive a unified analysis under an enriched grammatical model that posits the syntactic representation of mental and/or spatio-temporal perspective. To this end, I present novel evidence from verbal agreement triggered under anaphora to show that even so-called “logophoric” reference involves an indelible syntactic core. I propose that perspective is featurally represented on a silent pronominal operator in the specifier of a Perspectival Phrase (PerspP) at the phasal-edge of certain CPs, PPs, DPs, and AspPs and may be exploited to yield a unified account of anaphora and agreement patterns triggered under it. Anaphora involves two distinct dependencies: an Agree relationship between the anaphor and the operator in the [Spec, PerspP] of its minimal phase, which is the equivalent of syntactic binding, and a conceptual relationship between the antecedent and this operator, which is the equivalent of non-obligatory control. Thus, all binding is local and syntactic; all antecedence is non-local and (primarily) non-syntactic. I also illustrate that perspective must be kept conceptually and structurally distinct from the Kaplanian utterance context and the intensional “context” responsible for indexical shift. The main language of investigation is the Dravidian language Tamil but crosslinguistic comparisons are made with: Abe, Aghem, Amharic, Czech, Donna SO, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Icelandic, Italian, Japanese, Kannada, Korean, Malayalam, Mupun, Navajo, North Sami, Norwegian, Romanian, Russian, Slave, Swahili, Telugu, Uyghur, and Zazaki. The Tamil judgments are bolstered by the results of an online survey conducted among 38 native speakers around the world.

URI:

http://hdl.handle.net/10037/4835

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Geophysical characterizations of fluid flow and gas-hydrate systems of the NW-Svalbard and SW-Barents Sea margins

Rajan, Anupama (Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 06-Feb-2013)

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Abstract:	The thesis consists of four parts and its four main objectives are: (1) to establish a potential link between serpentinization beneath a young sedimented-ocean ridge and carbon release and gas hydrate formation directly above it, (2) to understand the coexistence of free gas and gas-hydrate and to image the geophysical evidence for a geologically controlled gas hydrate, fluid migration pathway and seabed expulsion system, (3) to image the active fluid flow migration path-networks from deep hydrocarbon sources and to assess the distribution of shallow gas accumulation, and (4) to determine in detail the seismic velocity structure of the regions close to the landward limit of hydrate stability zone. The methodology implemented to realize this aims was achieved by integrating 3D seismic imaging, 1D velocity modeling to 2D seismic imaging and bathymetric and oceanographic data mapping. This PhD thesis presents results from four articles that glean into the fluid flow and gas-hydrate systems of the NW-Svalbard and SW-Barents Sea margins. The important results found during this research are: (1) new evidence for carbon release from the deep-seated source rock through the sediments above diapirism and methane capture in the inferred areas of serpentinization at the Knipovich Ridge, (2) new geophysical evidence for gas migration and geologically controlled gas hydrate system offshore NW-Svalbard, where several existing glacigenic debris flow units, which are spatially confined and influence gas migration pathways and hence, the location of gas leakage zones at the seafloor and (3) first findings of the formation of “tilted” bottom-simulating reflector in the SW-Barents Sea. They have formed due to variations in fluid flux along regions of deep-seated fault complexes causing a change in heat flow. The data also provides new evidence for the connection of deep-hydrocarbon and shallow gas hydrate, where existing fault complexes apparently act as pathways for the upward migration of fluids.
Description:	Papers 2, and 4 of this thesis are not available in Munin: 2. Rajan, A., J. Mienert, and S. Bünz: 'Acoustic evidence for a gas migration and release system in Arctic glaciated continental margins offshore NW-Svalbard', Marine and Petroleum Geology (2012), vol.32(1):36-49. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2011.12.008 3. Anupama Rajan, Stefan Bünz, Jürgen Mienert and. Andrew J. Smith: 'Tilted bottomsimulating reflectors (TBSRs) provide evidence for active fluid flow from deep hydrocarbon sources in the SW-Barents Sea' (manuscript) 4. Anupama Rajan, Tim A. Minshull and Jürgen Mienert: 'Heterogeneous distribution of gashydrate and free gas in glaciated sediments of the NW-Svalbard continental margin inferred from changes in compressional wave velocity' (manuscript).
URI:	http://hdl.handle.net/10037/5149

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thesis.pdf (4.996Mb)

The coagulase negative staphylococci; molecular studies on Staphylococcus haemolyticus and novel treatment of staphylococcal biofilms in vitro and in vivo

Cavanagh, Jorunn Pauline (Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 25-Jan-2013)

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Abstract:	The coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) were earlier regarded as innocuous inhabitants of the human normal skin flora, but are now emerging as opportunistic pathogens. In addition to their biofilm producing ability CoNS are frequently multi-resistant, and a high prevalence of methicillin resistant CoNS is found. Staphylococcus haemolyticus is an emerging cause of nosocomial infections, primarily associated with catheter related infections in immunocompromised patients, e.g. patients with haematological disease and premature infants. Molecular identification of bacterial lineages, more prone to causing disease is important in understanding the establishment and transfer of bacterial infectious epidemiology. The tracking of bacterial isolates belonging to a defined clone allows implementation of preventive measures, such as patient isolation and bacterial sanification. In this study two methods; Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) and Multi Locus Variable number of tandem repeat Fingerprinting (MLVF) enabling molecular tracing of S. haemolyticus were established. However the application of MLST and MLVF did not provide a satisfactory discriminatory power. Whole genome sequencing of a global collection of 134 S. haemolyticus isolates was used for investigating their phylogenetic relationship, and the evolution of antibiotic resistance in the population. Whole genome sequencing revealed the presence of a clonal expansion of hospital-adapted isolates of S. haemolyticus in European hospitals. Resistance towards several classes of antimicrobial agents underlines the importance of this opportunistic pathogen in the accumulation and spread of resistance genes to the common staphylococcal gene pool. Biofilm formation protects against several external factors such as antimicrobial agents, desiccation, shear stress and the host immune system. Biofilm forming Staphylococcus epidermidis is a prevalent cause of peritonitis during peritoneal dialysis. Due to their biofilm forming ability they often cause persisting infections. Newly developed synthetic antimicrobial peptidomimetics (SAMPs) are promising as new drugs against pathogenic bacteria. Due to resistance towards many conventional antibiotics the antimicrobial potential of SAMPs were investigated. Our studies showed that Ltx SAMPs were clearly more effective in reducing metabolic activity in staphylococcal biofilms at low concentrations compared to antibiotics in vitro. We further aimed to compare the efficacy of a synthetic antimicrobial peptidomimetics (Ltx 21) versus vancomycin in a murine model mimicking a device-related peritonitis. Treatment with vancomycin or Ltx 21 in vivo was not sufficient to achieve complete bacterial clearance on implants, underlining the difficulties of treating such infections. The low-grade infection may attenuate the inflammatory response and contribute to impaired bacterial clearance.
Description:	Papers 1, 2 and 4 of this thesis are not available in Munin: 1. Cavanagh JP, Klingenberg C, Hanssen AM, Fredheim EA, Francois P, Schrenzel J, Flægstad T & Sollid JE.: 'Core genome conservation of Staphylococcus haemolyticus limits sequence based population structure analyses', Journal of Microbiological Methods (2012), vol. 89 (3):59–166. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2012.03.014 2. Cavanagh JP, Hjerde E, Holden M, Klingenberg C, Flægstad T & Sollid JE.: 'Whole genome sequencing reveals clonal expansion of multi-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus in European hospitals' (manuscript). 4. Cavanagh JP, Granslo HN, Fredheim EA, Christophersen L, Jensen PØ, Thomsen K, Bjarnsholt T, van Gennip M, Klingenberg C, Høiby N, Svendsen JS, Stensen W, Flægstad T & Moser C.: 'Efficacy of a synthetic antimicrobial peptide versus vancomycin in a Staphylococcus epidermidis device related murine peritonitis model' Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (2013), Online before print. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkt161
URI:	http://hdl.handle.net/10037/5062

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Norway on a High in the North : a discourse analysis of policy framing

Jensen, Leif Christian (Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 24-Jan-2013)

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Abstract:	The objective of this thesis is essentially to understand better how the High North initiative has been framed and construed in official and public discourse in Norway. To this end, the dissertation consists of five articles which deal with different aspects of this initiative from thematically different angles, and different sources of data depending on whether public or official discourses are under scrutiny, but from the same theoretical and methodological perspective.An important concern in this thesis has been to explore and reveal the limits that determine which opinions, accounts of reality and future prospects are deemed ‘legitimate’ and possible to entertain. What is ‘selected’ to be included, and what excluded, given prevailing Norwegian conceptions of the High North? What is assumed as given and what is indexed as problematic? The point here is not necessarily what causes divisions and dissension. It might be more relevant to identify what is allowed to stand uncontested, unquestioned and taken as an indisputable premise for the ensuing discussion – and for political decision-making. A key point of departure for this project in particular and discourse analysis more generally is that discourses are involved in determining actual behaviour by narrowing the definition of what counts as acceptable actions and utterances in society at a given point in time. Against this background, discourses can shed light on political practice by defining the scope for action and which options are taken as politically feasible.
Description:	Papers 1, 4 and 5 of this thesis are not available in Munin: 1. Leif Christian Jensen & Geir Hønneland: 'Framing the High North : Public Discourses in Norway after 2000', Acta Borealia (2011), vol.28, no.1:37-54. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08003831.2011.575659 4. Leif Christian Jensen: 'Seduced and surrounded by security : a post-structuralist take on Norwegian High North securitizing discourses', Cooperation and Conflict (2012), Online before print. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010836712461482 5. Leif Christian Jensen: 'Norwegian petroleum extraction in Arctic waters to save the environment: introducing ‘discourse co-optation’ as a new analytical term', Critical Discourse Studies (2012), vol.9, no.1:29–38. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2011.632138
URI:	http://hdl.handle.net/10037/4737

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Abstract:	Adjuvanter benyttes for å styrke/bedre immunresponsen ved vaksinering. PLGA (poly(lactic-co-glycolic)acid) er en biologisk nedbrytbar polymer som innehar adjuvantegenskaper når den benyttes i form av partikler. Som vaksinebærere kan partikler beskytte mot nedbryting, stimulere inflammatoriske immunresponser og initiere adaptive immunresponser. Partikler er også vist å gi økt opptak i ulike celletyper. Avhandlingen tar for seg PLGA partikler som bærere/adjuvanter for DNA vaksinering, en vaksineform som har vist potensiale for bekjempelse av virussykdommer blant ulike fiskearter. PLGA partikler med plasmid ble injisert intramuskulært i atlantisk laks. Rent plasmid førte til høyest uttrykk av transgen. Bruk av partikler ga sterke inflammatoriske responser, også sammenlignet med en oljeadjuvant. Partikler med plasmid induserte også antivirale responser. Resultatene tyder på at inkapsulering i PLGA partikler kan bidra til å styrke immunresponser som kan være gunstige ved DNA vaksinering.
Description:	The papers of this thesis are not available in Munin: 1. B. N. Fredriksen, L. B. Hølvold, J. Bøgwald and R. A. Dalmo: 'Optimization of formulation variables to increase antigen entrapment in PLGA particles', Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering (2012), vol.51(14):1468-1473. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2012.715358 2. L. B. Hølvold, B. N. Fredriksen, J. Bøgwald and R. A. Dalmo: 'Transgene and immune gene expression following intramuscular injection of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) with DNA-releasing PLGA nano- and microparticles' (manuscript)
URI:	http://hdl.handle.net/10037/5157

Abstract:	Avhandlingens tittel er ”Aspects of the primary assessment and management of anal incontinence - The introduction of a new treatment”. Disputas for graden Ph.D. finner sted 05.04.2013. Ufrivillig lekkasje av luft og avføring er en relativt vanlig og belastende tilstand, og kan gi redusert livskvalitet. Det er utviklet en ny metode for å behandle denne lidelsen, som består i å injisere et rom-oppfyllende stoff i endetarmskanalen. Det sentrale målet i prosjektet har vært å vurdere om denne nye behandlingen er bedre enn eksisterende metoder. I tillegg har prosjektgruppen ønsket å utvikle metoder til å vurdere anal inkontinens bedre.
Description:	The papers of this thesis are not available in Munin: 1. Norderval S, Dehli T, Vonen B.: 'Three-dimensional endoanal ultrasonography: intraobserver and interobserver agreement using scoring systems for classification of anal sphincter defects', Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (2009), vol. 33 (3): 337-43. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.6295 2. Dehli T, Martinussen M, Mevik K, Stordahl A, Sahlin Y, Lindsetmo RO, Vonen B.: 'Translation and validation of the Norwegian version of the fecal incontinence quality-of-life scale', Scandinavian Journal of Surgery (2011), vol. 100 (3): 190-5. Available at http://www.fimnet.fi/sjs/articles/SJS32011-190.pdf 3. Dehli T, Stordahl A, Vatten LJ, Romundstad PR, Sahlin Y, Lindsetmo RO, Vonen B.: 'Sphincter training or anal injections of dextranomer for treatment of anal incontinence: a randomized trial', Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology (2013) Vol. 48, No. 3. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365521.2012.758770
URI:	http://hdl.handle.net/10037/5047

Abstract:	4. Avhandlingen tar for seg effekten av fysisk aktivitet i forhold til total dødelighet, hjerte-kar og kreft dødelighet og risiko for brystkreft, samt validerer selv-rapportert fysisk aktivitet i Kvinner – og Kreft studien. Vi sammenlignet en fysisk aktivitetsskala fra 1 til 10, der deltagerne ble bedt om å krysse av fysisk aktivitetsnivå, med en sensor som målte puls og bevegelse over 4 døgn. Resultatene viste at skalaen var tilstrekkelig til å rangere deltagernes fysisk aktivitetsnivå. Kvinner med veldig lave fysiske aktivitetsnivå hadde høyere risiko for total dødelighet, hjerte-kar og kreft død enn kvinner som rapporterte et moderat aktivitetsnivå. Hvis fysisk inaktivitet som risiko faktor for død ikke eksisterte hos kvinner i Norge ville 11,5 % av alle dødsfall vært utsatt. Vi fant inkonsistent sammenheng mellom fysisk aktivitet og postmenopausal brystkreft med en økt risiko for brystkreft karakterisert med positiv østrogen/progesteron status hos kvinner som rapporterte lavt fysisk aktivitetsnivå sammenlignet med moderat fysisk aktivitetsnivå ved 30 års alder, mens lave fysiske aktivitetsnivåer fra 14 års alderen og til voksen viste en beskyttende effekt for brystkreft.
Description:	Paper 3 of this thesis is not available in Munin: 3. Borch KB, Lund E, Braaten T and Weiderpass E.: 'Physical activity and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer by hormonal receptor status - the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study' (manuscript)
URI:	http://hdl.handle.net/10037/5061

Abstract:	Etter et større vevstap vil leveren vokse ut igjen helt til den har gjenopprettet sitt opprinnelige volum og funksjon. Hos de fleste pattedyr slutter den å vokse når den veier omtrent 2,5% av den totale kroppsvekten. Det er forsket mye på hva som får leveren til å begynne å vokse, men når den er stor nok vet man lite om hva som får den til å “slå av” veksten. Vi ønsket å undersøke hvilke faktorer som regulerer sluttfasen av leverveksten og hvordan dette uttrykkes i arvestoffet (DNA) av levercellene. Vi fjernet kirurgisk 60% av leveren i en kronisk grisemodell og tok prøver av leveren ved tre ulike tidspunkt, det vil si i forkant av kirurgi og ved tre og seks uker i etterkant av kirurgi. Prøvene ble analysert med DNA-mikromatrise teknikk og validert med immunhistokjemisk analyse. Studien påpeker spesifikke forandringer i arvestoffet til leverceller som er i slutten av vekstfasen, samt endringer i leverens mikroskopiske struktur når dens naturlige størrelse er gjenopprettet. Avhandlingen konkluderer med at gener som styrer cellesyklus, celledød, nydannelse av blodkar og bindevev er uttrykte mot sluttfasen av leverveksten. Avhandlingen konkluderer også med at vekstmønsteret hos gris samsvarer med tidligere funn av vekstmønster hos rotter og at et breddeforøket bindevevsdrag kan være med på å begrense leverveksten hos gris i sluttfasen av leverens vekst.
Description:	Paper 3 of this thesis is not available in Munin: 3. Nygård IE, Mortensen KE, Hedegaard J, Conley LN, Bendixen C, Sveinbjørnsson B, Revhaug A.: 'Tissue remodelling in the terminal phase of porcine liver regeneration' (manuscript)
URI:	http://hdl.handle.net/10037/4858