Browsing by Author
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Qadir, Yusra (Master thesis; Mastergradsoppgave, May-2012)[+][-]
Abstract: This study aims to assess if the understanding of Rights Based Approach (RBA) is consistent within ActionAid or not. It also seeks to determine if an ActionAid project adheres to RBA’s essentials or not. The study goes beyond seeking a yes or no answer to these questions. It digs deeper to identify causes of inconsistencies in RBA understanding across ActionAid staff and factors affecting the project’s adherence to RBA essentials. A project being implemented by ActionAid Pakistan has been selected to limit the scope of the study. The research is qualitative and is based on primary data collected from ActionAid, implementing partner, project staff and final beneficiaries. The study also draws learning from previous literature on the subject. Interview guides, focus group discussions, general discussions and review of literature were used for data collection. Information was also obtained from respondents through telephone contact and casual discussions. A checklist derived from the UN’s Statement of Common Understanding on RBA (2003) was used to assess the selected project’s adherence to RBA. The study found inconsistencies in staff understanding of RBA across ActionAid. Existing literature showed ActionAid is not the only large Non Governmental Organization (NGO) with this problem. The project studied was found to be strong in adhering to some essentials of RBA e.g. relationship with the community and using empowering strategies. However, it exhibited weaknesses in adhering to other essentials e.g. monitoring processes along with outcomes and assessing capacity of duty bearers for fulfilling duties. The study concludes by advancing recommendations for ActionAid or other NGOs for improving staff understanding about RBA and for better adhering to RBA essentials in their ongoing and/or upcoming work including; institutionalization of donor funded project work, implementation of initiatives for capacity building and maintenance of a balance between advocacy and service delivery in RBA projects. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10037/5111 File(s) in this item: 1
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Qi, Peng (Master thesis; Mastergradsoppgave, 06-Jun-2006)[+][-]
Abstract: The main purposes of this thesis are the Low-Frequency Noise measurement of Silicon-Germanium Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors and its Power Spectrum Density Characterizing. The new generation 375 GHZ SiGe HBTs were measured in this work. We show that most of PSDs of the new generation SiGe HBTs have very ”bumpy” spectra which is contributed by GR noise sources. We investigated their basic characteristics of LFN such as the dominant noise source, base-current dependence, emitter geometrical scaling dependence and noise variation. They have similar LFN characteristic with the elder generation SiGe HBTs except for the emitter geometrical dependence. The most important contribution of this work is that we particularly focused on developing a totally automatic mechanism to fit the Low-Frequency Noise Power Spectrum Density of SiGe HBTs so that we can use the magnitude of the fitting curve as the low-frequency noise level at any frequency. A model based predictive and autonomous method was engaged for this purpose. This method offers the possibility that we can automatically predict the noise sources of transistors to get good initial fitting parameters in advance instead of finding each of them by eyes. Experiments with the fitting method shows that: Always good fitting for most of the cases; Accurately locating each noise source; Sometimes meaningless fitting parameters but still good fitting. Therefore, by using this method, we can find out how each noise source acts on the spectrum, which noise source dominates the spectrum, etc. And some careful interpretations will be presented based on this fitting procedure. Further, this method still leaves large space to be extended, so it is a good basis for future work on fitting. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10037/237 File(s) in this item: 1
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Qoricho, Yonas Tafesse (Master thesis; Mastergradsoppgave, 15-May-2011)[+][-]
Abstract: This thesis dealt with the land rights of women in rural areas of Wolaita Zone, southwestern Ethiopia by taking the case of rural women in Soddo Zuria District. Three questions were thus posed: How do the current modern rural land law and the Wolaita traditional/customary law ascertain the land rights of rural women in SZD? What kind of land rights do rural women enjoy in practice in SZD? What challenges are faced while implementing the land rights of rural women in the district? In order to answer these questions, data was collected from oral and written sources. The qualitative data analysis informs that the Wolaita traditional/customary law has allowed land access to rural women only through marriage until 2005. After the adoption of the 2007 Rural Land Administration and Use Proclamation by the SNNPR (based on the 1995 FDRE’s Constitution and FRLAUP 2005), the land use rights of women is legally acknowledged in SZD. In practice, married women in monogamous and polygamous marriages are awarded joint landholding certificates together with their husbands. Moreover, women household heads are given landholding certificates independently. However, the participation of women’s organizations in the land registration and certification program and their representation in LACs is completely lacking in SZD. In order to improve the legally recognized women’s rights and their property rights (including land), the thesis recommends that women and men as well as traditional leaders need to be thoroughly exposed to the legal documents through consciousness-raising campaigns. Women also need to get free legal services from state institutions. In addition, the regional government needs to commit itself to promote and institutionalize women’s rights through awareness-raising and sensitization of the judiciary, district courts, district land administration experts, village administration heads, and LACs. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3481 File(s) in this item: 1
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Quach, Thi Khanh Ngoc (Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 20-Nov-2009)[+][-]
Abstract: Even though the oceans occupy more than 70% of the earth’s surface and 95% of the biosphere (National Research Council, 2001), marine habitats have undergone a substantial decline over the last few decades, and most of which is attributable to fishing. In this regard, marine reserves or marine protected areas (MPAs) are proposed as tools to relieve stresses on marine resources and ecosystems. Despite the advantages of MPAs compared to traditional management tools, some concerns have been expressed about the effectiveness of the creation of MPAs when there are links between MPAs and outside areas as a result of the dispersal process. If the open access regime is applied outside the MPAs, it can attract more fishermen to exploit benefits resulting from the migration process and this can reduce the effectiveness of the MPAs. The problem, thus, to be analysed in this dissertation is how MPAs can benefit for fisheries management, and the conditions under which they are beneficial. With the analyses in different contexts, this dissertation investigates following research questions how the efficiency of fishing vessels in an open access fisheries affected by the creation of a marine protected area, how managers can use compensation payment as a tool to get the support from fishermen for biodiversity conservation and is it possible to use protected areas for conflicts resolving and management of recreational and commercial fisheries. Dynamic bioeconomic model, stochastic frontier analysis and principal agent theory are applied in this dissertation as innovative approaches for studying MPAs. The implication from this dissertation is that MPAs are not a cure-all for fisheries management; however, MPAs may be valuable tools for biodiversity conservation and fisheries management if we apply them under appropriate conditions. Description: Papers number 1 and 2 of the thesis are not available in Munin due to publishers' restrictions:
1. Quach Thi Khanh Ngoc, Ola Flaaten and Nguyen Thi Kim Anh: «Efficiency of Fishing Vessels Affected by a Marine Protected Area – The Case of Small-Scale Trawlers and The Marine Protected Area in Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam», chapter 15 in Moksness, Dahl and Støttrup (eds.): «Integrated Coastal Zone Management», Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. Check availablility
2. Quach Thi Khanh Ngoc: «Creation of Marine Reserves and Incentives for Biodiversity Conservation» Natural Resource Modeling, Volume 23, Number 2, May 2010 (Wiley). Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-7445.2009.00060.xURI: http://hdl.handle.net/10037/2600 File(s) in this item: 2
paper_3.pdf (165.6Kb)thesis.pdf (330.3Kb) -
Quader, Mamunul (Master thesis; Mastergradsoppgave, 22-May-2012)[+][-]
Abstract: This research aimed to explore the value chain of Black tiger shrimp in Cox’sbazar district, Bangladesh. Actors involved in the chain are farmers, wholesalers, commission agents and processors were interviewed by different questionnaires. A total sample size of 48 surveyed households were visited and analyzed for this research. Results showed a map of actors, costs and earnings, employment distribution, facilities and difficulties of each stage. Farmers, wholesalers, commission agents and processors are the four main actors which contributed directly to shrimp production and influenced the economical value. Others actors Hatchery, nursery, seed collector impacted indirectly to the shrimp production as well as value chain development. The micro level producer, farmers are in worst condition as their revenue and cost share are the highest and the profit share are the lowest against revenue and cost. Other three actors are in same position enjoying with positive profit. Processors did a critical job with some challenges to fulfill the demand of importers. To upgrade this chain, the actors specially the farmers should be trained up with scientific way, the corruption free environ should be established by government and micro level producers should be empowered to enjoy the perfect competitive market. In addition, wholesalers have to be facilitated with giving loan by government with easy term and conditions. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10037/4863 File(s) in this item: 1
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Raanes, Sara Susanne (Master thesis; Mastergradsoppgave, Oct-2011)[+][-]
Abstract: Målet er å analysere nytten av den kunstige sfinkterprotesen ved kirurgisk behandling av urininkontinens. Den kunstige sfinkterprotesen ble introdusert på 70-tallet og har blitt annerkjent som det mest effektive og oftest brukte kirurgiske alternativet for behandling av alvorlig inkontinens. Oppgaven inkluderer totalt 31 pasienter som fikk installert urininkontinensprotese ved Universitetssykehuset i Nord-Norge i perioden 1977 til 2010. Median oppfølgingstid er 91(3-305) måneder. Pasientjournalen til samtlige er gjennomgått for komplikasjoner, total overlevelse av protesen og nytte for pasient. Et anonymisert evalueringsskjema ble utsendt til pasientene for å vurdere deres tilfredshet med protesen. 17 av 31 pasienter har hatt behov for revisjon på grunn av komplikasjoner. Total overlevelse av protesen hos disse pasientene er median 24 måneder. Prosentvis nytte av protesen for 31 pasienter er median 75% av total oppfølgingstid. Det ble registrert stor subjektiv bedring og høy grad av total fornøydhet hos de pasienter som returnerte evalueringsskjemaet. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3994 File(s) in this item: 1
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Rabindranath, Ananda; Daase, Malin; Falk-Petersen, Stig; Wold, Anette; Wallace, M.I.; Berge, Jørgen; Brierley, A. S. (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2011)[+][-]
Abstract: The diel vertical migration (DVM) of Calanus (Calanus finmarchicus, Calanus glacialis and Calanus hyperboreus) and Metridia longa was investigated in August 2008 at six locations to the north and northwest of Svalbard (Rijpfjorden, Ice, Marginal Ice Zone, Shelf break, Shelf and Kongsfjorden). Despite midnight sun conditions, a diel light cycle was clearly observed at all stations. We collected data on zooplankton vertical distribution using a Multi Plankton Sampler (200-μm mesh size) and an EK60 echosounder system (38, 120 and 200 kHz). These were supplemented by environmental data collected using a standard conductivity, temperature and depth (CTD) profiler. The sea ice had recently opened in Rijpfjorden, Ice and Shelf stations, and these stations exhibited phytoplankton bloom conditions with pronounced fluorescence maxima at approximately 30 m. In contrast, Kongsfjorden was more representative of autumn conditions, with the Arctic bloom having culminated 2–3 months prior to sampling. All three Calanus species were found shallower than 50 m on average at Rijpfjorden and the Ice station, while C. glacialis and C. hyperboreus were found deeper than 200 m on average at Kongsfjorden. Shallow water DVM behaviour (<50 m) was observed at Rijpfjorden and the Shelf station, especially among the C. finmarchicus CI-CIII population, which was particularly abundant at the Shelf (>5,000 individuals/m3). A bimodal depth distribution was observed among C. finmarchicus at the Shelf break station, with CI-CIII copepodites dominating at depths shallower than 100 m and CIV-adult stages dominating at depths exceeding 600 m. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences between the day and night 200-kHz data, particularly at specified depth strata (25–50 m) where backscatter intensity was higher during the day, especially in Rijpfjorden and at the Ice station. We conclude that DVM signals exist in the Arctic during late summer/autumn, when a need to feed and an abundant food source exists, and these signals are primarily due to mesozooplankton. Description: This article is part of Anette Wold's doctoral thesis, which is available in Munin at http://hdl.handle.net/10037/4152 URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10037/4036 File(s) in this item: 1
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Rachel, Jakhelln; Leming, Tove; Tiller, Tom (Book; Bok, 2009)[+][-]
Abstract: Hvorfor diskuterer vi så sjelden hvordan emosjoner påvirker forskning og læring? Er emosjonelle utfordringer noe vi som forskere helst ikke snakker om? Har vi for lite kunnskap om temaet? Er dette et forsømt forskningsfelt? I denne boka belyses denne tematikken fra mange ulike perspektiver. Boka er skrevet av og for forskere og profesjonsutdannere innenfor skole, helse og næringsliv. Artiklene tematiserer emosjonenes rolle i møtet mellom forsker og felt, i læringsprosesser og i organisasjonsutvikling. Særlig påpekes betydningen av et økt emosjonsfokus i praksisnær forskning. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3378 File(s) in this item: 1
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Radoli, Ouma Lydia (Master thesis; Mastergradsoppgave, 27-May-2011)[+][-]
Abstract: The 2007-2008 election violence in Kenya left more than 1,200 people dead and over half a million internally displaced. There were serious human rights violations, including freedom of movement, freedom of assembly and opinion. A Commission of Inquiry set to investigate the violence has attributed the conflict to unresolved historical grievances. But, the government and international agencies blame some sections of the media for inflaming the violence and ethnic hatred among Kenyans. The media is one of the most vibrant institutions in Kenya. It is vocal on matters of public interest, including political and socio-economic developments. In so far, much has been written on the role of the media in the conflict, but little, on their role in peace-building. Yet, peace-building remains a human rights concern locally and internationally. This thesis looks at how press freedom was used to either enhance conflict or build peace, as exemplified in the mentioned case. It also examines the role of the media as an agenda setter for human rights. This role provides a theoretical assumption of the responsibility of the media in preserving rights and freedoms. I argue that the media agenda to promote human rights can only be achieved within an independent media, guarded by working legislations and effective monitoring systems. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3506 File(s) in this item: 1
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Rahman, Fatema (Master thesis; Mastergradsoppgave, 01-Jun-2011)[+][-]
Abstract: Natural transformation is one of the three mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer by which bacteria are able to take up free DNA from the surrounding environment. In natural ecosystems, bacteria preferentially attach to surfaces, forming matrix-enclosed communities known as biofilm. Biofilm cells differ phenotypically and physiologically from their free-floating counterparts. Objective: To estimate transformation frequency in Streptococcus gordonii biofilm and compare that to transformation in a planktonic type of growth. Methods: S. gordonii challis (ATCC 35105) was grown as biofilm in appropriate liquid media. The plasmid vector pVA838 and chromosomal DNA of S. gordonii were used as donor DNA in the transformation assay. Strain-specific synthetic Competence Stimulating Peptide (CSP) was used to induce competence in S. gordonii. The biofilm was grown in polystyrene microtiter wells. Cells in the biofilm were harvested to assess the transformation frequency. Results: The transformation frequency in biofilm bacteria was found to be approximately 6-fold higher than those of planktonic counterparts. Conclusion: This result may either indicate a potential stress-related role of CSP or the fact that CSP participates in the synthesis of bacteriocin-like protein. The finding of enhanced cells in the biofilm in the presence of CSP suggests the involvement of CSP-QS system in the process of biofilm formation. Probably the most confusing finding of this present study was the dramatic increase of the OD value in the liquid culture of S. gordonii after addition of CSP in the early growth phase. This study demonstrated that S. gordonii cells were able to acquire foreign plasmid DNA much more efficiently than their planktonic counterparts in vitro. This finding suggests that biofilm growth mode may provide optimal condition for genetic transformation. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3529 File(s) in this item: 1
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Rahman, Syed Shahrier (Master thesis; Mastergradsoppgave, 28-Jun-2010)[+][-]
Abstract: In this study we have tested Bengali adult native speakers’ word order choices with respect to information structure and have compared their preferences to the Bengali native children acquirers. The study shows that Bengali word order scrambling is available in various type of sentences like declaratives, wh-questions and focus constructions. The scrambling is not at all optional in this language; in contrast it works as a diagnostic to determine the information structure of the sentence. According to the findings of this research, Bengali adults’ word order preferences for declarative sentences are not the same as wh-questions. Moreover, information structure in Bengali motivates the adults to choose different word orders for the focus constructions with respect to wh-questions. For example, large numbers of Bengali adults prefer to put the focus element after the verb while they do not prefer the same thing for wh-questions. However, preverbal base generated and preverbal scrambling focus elements are also prominent in the adult data. In fact, Bengali language allows in-situ contrastive focus (i.e. focus element is base generated) and scrambling contrastive focus (i.e. focus element is moved from its base position). Therefore, Bengali adults use both of these techniques to produce contrastive focus. Since most of the adults prefer scrambling to produce contrastive focus constructions, we can say that the contrastive focus scrambling bear strong information packaging and therefore the constituents of a sentence are rearranged in different word order. The study also revealed that in almost all cases, Bengali children pick up the technique of correlating information structure and word order scrambling quickly and regarding word order choices, they behave in the same way as the adults. However most of the children in our experiment prefer in-situ contrastive focus. Considering all limitations of our experiment we can say that Bengali children acquire the technique of in-situ focus early in compare to the other way of constructing contrastive focus. In this study, we have designed a set of experiments to test the correlation between the word order scrambling and the information structure. Since it is necessary to find out the factors behind this correlation, one experiment has been designed for the adults and the other has been designed for the children. The main objective of these experiments is to collect natural responses from the Bengali adults and the children. Even though two experiments are not entirely identical with each other, we only consider the conclusive data-values to get a relatively concrete result. The present study is concluded with an assumption that the study should be conducted in future with a larger amount of data. As a result, it will be possible to get more convincing answer. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10037/2780 File(s) in this item: 1
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Rai, Dik Bahadur (Master thesis; Mastergradsoppgave, 03-Oct-2012)[+][-]
Abstract: Abstract. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the different aspects of the Sakawa Sili indigenous festival where the Sili dance is performed. Modernization and rituals theories are deeply observed to analyze my research questions. The main leading questions are: what is the importance of Sakawa Sili festival in Rai community? How it is celebrated? How is this festival affected by modernization and globalization? How do younger generations understand this festival? And how does this festival help to revitalizing the Rai’s culture? These questions will be addressed in this study based on research collected during fieldwork. Basically this traditional indigenous festival is a celebration of praying to the Goddess of nature for good crops and protection from the natural calamities. Its meanings lie in the movements of bodies and how the dancers respond. Viewer can feel its music, sounds, shapes and directions. Every movement has its own senses while performing the dance. This study focused on how these movements are influenced by modernization and globalization. It is visible during the festival period that participants move their body in different ways like fast, slow and mixed. However, the important thing is that it is a way of motions that is found in Kirati land from more than thousands years. Several questions are raised to question the knowledge about the festival such as history, origin, importance and its rituals values. Mainly in order to answers my research questions, several tools and techniques were implemented. Through qualitative data my research questions will be observed and the impacts of modernization in the festival will be analyzed. How the impacts of modernization and globalization could positively and negatively affect the ritual will also be observed from this thesis. Important aspects like its origin, types, importance, rituals values and cultural revitalization are also analyzed in this study. The study examines the impacts of modernization and the complex relationship with globalization. Research closely observed its impacts on the Sakawa Sili festival in multiple ways. This thesis also discusses the fundamental questions about rights of indigenous people, questions of self-determination, indigenous identity and power. However, this study focuses on the impacts of modernization on the festival and examines the impacts on cultural and rituals values in Rai Kirati indigenous community in Nepal. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10037/5105 File(s) in this item: 1
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Rajan, Anupama (Doctoral thesis; Doktorgradsavhandling, 06-Feb-2013)[+][-]
Abstract: The thesis consists of four parts and its four main objectives are: (1) to establish a potential link between serpentinization beneath a young sedimented-ocean ridge and carbon release and gas hydrate formation directly above it, (2) to understand the coexistence of free gas and gas-hydrate and to image the geophysical evidence for a geologically controlled gas hydrate, fluid migration pathway and seabed expulsion system, (3) to image the active fluid flow migration path-networks from deep hydrocarbon sources and to assess the distribution of shallow gas accumulation, and (4) to determine in detail the seismic velocity structure of the regions close to the landward limit of hydrate stability zone. The methodology implemented to realize this aims was achieved by integrating 3D seismic imaging, 1D velocity modeling to 2D seismic imaging and bathymetric and oceanographic data mapping. This PhD thesis presents results from four articles that glean into the fluid flow and gas-hydrate systems of the NW-Svalbard and SW-Barents Sea margins. The important results found during this research are: (1) new evidence for carbon release from the deep-seated source rock through the sediments above diapirism and methane capture in the inferred areas of serpentinization at the Knipovich Ridge, (2) new geophysical evidence for gas migration and geologically controlled gas hydrate system offshore NW-Svalbard, where several existing glacigenic debris flow units, which are spatially confined and influence gas migration pathways and hence, the location of gas leakage zones at the seafloor and (3) first findings of the formation of “tilted” bottom-simulating reflector in the SW-Barents Sea. They have formed due to variations in fluid flux along regions of deep-seated fault complexes causing a change in heat flow. The data also provides new evidence for the connection of deep-hydrocarbon and shallow gas hydrate, where existing fault complexes apparently act as pathways for the upward migration of fluids. Description: Papers 2, and 4 of this thesis are not available in Munin:
2. Rajan, A., J. Mienert, and S. Bünz: 'Acoustic evidence for a gas migration and release system in Arctic glaciated continental margins offshore NW-Svalbard', Marine and Petroleum Geology (2012), vol.32(1):36-49. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2011.12.008
3. Anupama Rajan, Stefan Bünz, Jürgen Mienert and. Andrew J. Smith: 'Tilted bottomsimulating reflectors (TBSRs) provide evidence for active fluid flow from deep hydrocarbon sources in the SW-Barents Sea' (manuscript)
4. Anupama Rajan, Tim A. Minshull and Jürgen Mienert: 'Heterogeneous distribution of gashydrate and free gas in glaciated sediments of the NW-Svalbard continental margin inferred from changes in compressional wave velocity' (manuscript).URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10037/5149 File(s) in this item: 2
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Rakvaag, Hilde (Master thesis; Mastergradsoppgave, 05-May-2008)[+][-]
Abstract: For å verne barnet mot framtidig alvorlig skade kan myndighetene gå til omsorgsovertakelse før omsorgssviktsituasjonen har manifestert seg. Barnevernloven § 4-12 litra d) representerer i så måte en utvidelse av inngrepsmulighetene i forhold til tidligere lovgivning.De materielle vilkårene for inngrep er strenge, og spørsmålet er om de er så strenge at de i praksis fungerer som skranke for riktig hjelp til rett tid. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10037/1517 File(s) in this item: 1
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Rakvaag, Hilde (Master thesis; Mastergradsoppgave, 19-Jun-2007)[+][-]
Abstract: Makrofager kan utgjøre en betydelig del av en kreftsvulst. Det er tidligere vist at monocytter ved differensiering mot makrofager uttrykker økte mengder av enkelte cysteinproteaser. Maligne celler er vist å bruke cysteinproteaser i forbindelse med metastasering, og endogene cysteinproteasehemmere antas å kunne hemme denne prosessen. Det var derfor interessant å studere reguleringen i uttrykk og aktivitet av cystatiner ved differensiering av monocyttiske celler mot makrofager. Det ble etablert en funksjonell metode for måling av inhibitorisk aktivitet mot cysteinproteaser i laboratoriet ved hjelp av fluorometrisk måling med cysteinproteasen papain som enzym. Metoden ble brukt til å måle inhibitorisk aktivitet av cystatiner i THP-1 celler (en human monocyttliknende akutt leukemisk cellelinje), i diverse humane kreftcellelinjer, i diverse xenografter (human/mus), og i cystatin M-transfekterte HEK 293 celler (nyreepitelceller). THP-1 celler ble stimulert med PMA (40 ng/ml) i 24 timer, og dyrket i opptil 10 dager. Ved stimulering med PMA gikk cellene fra å være frittlevende monocytter til å bli adherente makrofager. Grad av inhibitorisk aktivitet ble regnet ut i inhibitoriske enheter per mg totalprotein for cellelysater og inhibitoriske enheter per ml for cellemedier. En inhibitorisk enhet ble definert som den konsentrasjonen som må til for å hemme 50 % av papainaktiviteten. Uttrykk av cystatinene C, M og F ble analysert ved hjelp av immunodeteksjon (Western blotting). Det ble sett på endring av total inhibitorisk aktivitet over tid, og en eventuell sammenheng mellom inhibitorisk aktivitet og uttrykk av cystatin C, F og M. Målingene i medieprøver fra cystatin M-transfekterte celler viste tydelig økt inhibitorisk aktivitet i de transfekterte cellene, noe som bekreftet at metoden fungerte for å måle hemming forårsaket av ekstracellulært cystatin M. Det ble observert en tidsavhengig økning i inhibitorisk aktivitet både i cellelysater og cellemedier. Uttrykk av cystatin C og M ble detektert, men ikke cystatin F. Det ble observert en sammenheng mellom den tidsavhengige økningen i ekstracellulær inhibitorisk aktivitet og uttrykk av ekstracellulært cystatin M. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10037/1187 File(s) in this item: 1
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Ramasco, Virginie (Master thesis; Mastergradsoppgave, 28-May-2008)[+][-]
Abstract: A pilot project was carried out by the Institute of Marine Research (IMR) to test the functionality of GPS phone tags (by SMRU) on harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in the Vesterålen archipelago, Norway. Acoustic surveys were performed to investigate the abundance of fish in these waters and scat sampling was used to assess the diet composition of the seal population inhabiting the area. Five juvenile females were tracked between August 2007 and March 2008 and their diving behaviour and habitat use was studied. The dive profiles recorded from the tags were classified in the attempt to identify the dives connected with feeding behaviour. The tagged seals foraged close to the coast and at relatively shallow depths (50% of the dives between 12-32 m) showing marked individual differences in the choice of feeding grounds. Analysis of scat sampling suggested that gadoids dominated the diet (62%) followed by herring (Clupea harengus) (35%). Comparison between the abundance of fish species in the study area and in the diet composition indicated that harbour seals have no prey preference. Harbour seals appeared to prey on small size classes of gadoids. Therefore fish size, rather than species, could be a potential selection criterion in foraging. The local abundance of fish in the area is likely to allow harbour seals to feed on what is available close to the haul out sites. Targeting of small size classes might therefore be a consequence of habitat selection based on accessibility rather than size selection. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10037/1433 File(s) in this item: 1
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Ramazanova, Emilia (Master thesis; Mastergradsoppgave, 04-Sep-2012)[+][-]
Abstract: Before Soviet Union had collapsed the legal status and delimitation were more or less clear between the USSR and Iran. At present this issue has an importance for five countries: Russia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. The legal status of the Sea is unclear. If it is a sea then the Law of the Sea Convention must be applied. It becomes more problematic because of the fact that only Russia has ratified the UNCLOS and the Caspian is not wider than 200 miles to establish the EEZ. In another case, if it is a lake, rules of customary law are to be applied and the Sea is to be delimited on the basis of median line. Despite that fact that some of the countries (Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan) have an agreement on sharing part of the Caspian Sea there are still claims from Iran and Turkmenistan, because for them division of the Sea with sector principle is not advantageous. It is important to give attention to historical background of the dispute, researching Treaties of 1921 and 1940 signed between Iran and the USSR, which have influence on the current regulation of the Caspian Sea. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10037/5116 File(s) in this item: 1
thesis.pdf (458.6Kb) -
Ramberg, Cathrine Caspersen (Master thesis; Mastergradsoppgave, 15-May-2012)[+][-]
Abstract: The worldwide dissemination of antimicrobial resistance is a growing problem causing increased morbidity, mortality, and financial costs. β-lactams are an important family of antimicrobial agents and accounts for ~46% of the total antibiotic use for systemic infections in Norway. Resistance to β-lactams can be caused by several factors where the production of enzymes, β-lactamases, is the major mechanism. Escherichia coli naturally produce small amounts of the chromosomally encoded AmpC β-lactamase. The expression blaAmpC is noninducible and regulated by a weak promoter and an attenuator. Insertion sequence (IS) elements inserted into the promoter region have been described as one reason for the hyperexpression of blaAmpC conferring resistance to β-lactams such as penicillins and cephalosporins, but not 4th generation cephalosporins and carbapenems. In this study 111 E. coli isolates with a hyperexpressed chromosomal AmpC profile were submitted to the Reference Center for Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance (K-res) from Haukeland University Hospital during 2006-2010 and a control group representing the same years from other Norwegian clinical microbiological laboratories (n=100) were included. The isolates were initially screened for an insertion of an element in the blaAmpC. A subset of isolates with an insertion was further molecularly characterized by sequencing of the region and linkage to IS911. Molecular typing was performed using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Multi-resistance profiles were identified by antimicrobial susceptibility testing and further investigated by PCR and sequencing methods. The results from the study shows a regional clonal spread of ST131 E. coli blaAmpC-IS911 isolates in the Bergen region of Norway. The spread of these isolates were identified both in isolates from Hospital 1 and 2 but also from other medical institutions such as nursing homes and general practitioners. In contrast, no isolates from the control group from other Norwegian hospitals harbored the blaAmpC-IS911 linkage. In the control group only three isolates from two Norwegian counties, Vestfold and Rogaland were identified with an insertion in the blaAmpC region. However, in these isolates another IS-element, IS10 was identified. In the ST131 isolates multi-resistance was observed towards important antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was caused by mutations in the quinolone-resistance determining region of the parC and gyrA genes. The resistance mechanism to the aminoglycosides gentamicin and tobramycin were not identified, but the isolates were negative for the aminoglycoside modifying enzyme AAC(6’)-Ib. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10037/4228 File(s) in this item: 1
thesis.pdf (1.964Mb) -
Ramchand, Gillian; Tungseth, Mai (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel, 2006)[+][-]
Abstract: In this paper, we explore some previously unanalysed interactions between verbal aktionsart and prepositional complementation in Norwegian, namely the alternations between a DP object and PP complements with på ‘on/at’ and til ‘to/at’. We argue that a simple account based on [±telic] or [±quantized] features cannot be correct. Instead, we generalize the notion of path and homomorphism, and integrate it in a syntactic theory of how complex events are built up compositionally. The path structure introduced by the PP interacts with the path structure of the VP to produce complex events based on ‘homomorphic unity’ in much the same way as has been argued for in the Verb + Nominal domain (Krifka 1992). Specifically, an extended location (a på-PP) in the complement of and activity verb (in our terms, a process subevental projection) gives rise to a non-directed path for the event; a point location ( a til-PP) in the complement of an accomplishment verb (one which in our terms will contain a result subevental projection) gives rise to the specification of an endpoint. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10037/984 File(s) in this item: 1
article.pdf (220.6Kb) -
Ramchand, Gillian C (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2011)[+][-]
Abstract: In this paper, I revisit the licensing and interpretation of instrumental case-marked nominals in Hindi/Urdu causative constructions to argue against the hypothesis that the se-marked phrase corresponds to a demoted agent. Rather, I will argue that a more unified analysis of se-phrases can be achieved through an event-structural analysis, in line with the standard interpretation of other adverbials in the syntax. Since the ‘intermediate agent’ interpretation is only possible with indirect causatives in Hindi/Urdu, the event structural analysis proposed here also has implications for the direct vs. indirect causation distinction in the syntax. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3853 File(s) in this item: 1
article.pdf (237.9Kb)
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