| Abstract: | Det overordna temaet for denne oppgåva er koplinga mellom det globale og det nasjonale. Det er ein felles kjerne i litteraturen kring globalisering at globaliseringa bind saman det lokale og det globale, slikt at hendingar ein stad kan få konsekvensar ein heilt annan stad. Etter oppløysinga av Sovjetunionen har det økonomiske samkvemmet mellom Noreg og Russland årleg auka i omfang, og det har frå norsk hold vore ei målsetting å fremje økonomisk samarbeid over grensa. Regjeringa har sett nordområda og forholdet til Russland i fokus nasjonalt med å erklære nordområda som Noreg sitt strategisk viktigaste satsingsområde. Samtidig talar Russland med ein tydelegare stemme internasjonalt, og ein har hatt periodar med auka spenning mellom Russland og Vesten. Denne oppgåva undersøker ved hjelp av regresjon på tidseriedata om internasjonale politiske konfliktar mellom Vesten og Russland har effekt på den norsk-russiske samhandelen. Vidare har også intervju med informantar som arbeider med det norsk-russiske økonomiske samkvemmet vorte nytta for å belyse og kommentere funna. I denne analysen har ikkje internasjonale politiske kriser signifikant effekt på den norsk-russiske handelen, det har derimot endringar i fiskeprisane og aluminiumsprisane, samt overgangen til raudgrøn regjering. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/2733 |
| Abstract: | Dette er en studie av årsberetning, og videre praktisering av rettvisende oversikt i årsberetning. Studiens problemstilling: ”Hvordan blir kravene om rettvisende oversikt i årsberetning praktisert i utvalgte selskaper i Norge?” I denne studien ser jeg på praksis av rettvisende oversikt i årsberetning. Lovkravet til rettvisende oversikt i årsberetning fremgår av rskl.§ 3-3a, 2.-4.ledd. Innhold i rettvisende oversikt er grundig beskrevet under punkt 2.5 i NRS 16 Årsberetning. Regnskapspraksis vil kunne sammenlignes bedre hvis selskapene tilhører samme bransje, da selskapene vil stå ovenfor samme type risiko og markedsforhold slik at de videre bør oppgi samme type opplysninger i sin årsberetning. Fiskeindustrien er en stor bransje som har opplevd sterke variasjoner i årene 2009 og 2010. Dette skapte behov for tilleggsopplysninger i årsberetning. Undersøkelsen ble gjennomført på årsberetninger til 20 selskaper i hvitfiskindustrien gjennom årene 2009 og 2010. For undersøkelsen ble det utarbeidet sjekkliste med 7 punkter og vurderingsskala på 0-1-2 poeng. Funn fra undersøkelsen skapte grunnlag for innhenting av primærdata for å triangulere resultatene. Primærdata hentes inn ved kvalitativt intervju av to revisorer. Konklusjoner er basert på resultater fra den gjennomførte undersøkelsen. Studiens resultater viser at ingen av selskapene har klart å oppfylle krav til rettvisende oversikt for å få maksimalt 14 poeng. Ut fra en helhetlig vurdering av alle data ser det ut som mange av selskapene ikke legger vekt på utarbeid av årsberetning. Selv i årene med store markedsendringer har de fleste av årsberetninger vært helt like for 2009 og 2010. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/4462 |
| Abstract: | 597 women employed as painters, painter-plasterers or spoolers had 712 singleton births, whereof 31 (4.4%) were perinatally diagnosed with 37 malformations. Among the 10 561 newborns in the group classified as non-exposed, 397 (3.9%) had one or more malformations. The overall prevalence in the exposed group was 520/10 000 births [95% confidence limits (CL): 476, 564], and 436/10 000 births (95% CL: 396, 476) in the unexposed. Adjusted for young maternal age, smoking during pregnancy, maternal congenital malformation and year of birth, the odds ratio (OR) was 1.24 (95% CL: 0.85, 1.82); for multiple anomalies it was 1.54 (95% CL: 0.66, 3.59). The largest organ-system specific difference in prevalence between the two groups was observed for malformations of the circulatory system: 112/10 000 (95% CL: 35, 190) in the exposed group, and 42/10 000 (95% CL: 29, 54) in the unexposed, with an adjusted OR of 2.03 (95% CL: 0.85, 4.84). The adjusted ORs for malformations of the genital organs and musculoskeletal system were 2.24 (95% CI: 0.95, 5.31) and 1.12 (95% CI: (0.62, 2.02), respectively. There appeared to be a higher risk of malformations of the circulatory system and genital organs at birth among newborns to women in occupations with organic solvent exposure during early pregnancy (predominantly employed as painters). However, the findings were not statistically conclusive. Considering that these two categories of malformations are not readily diagnosed perinatally, the difference in prevalence between the exposed and unexposed may have been underestimated. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3929 |
| Abstract: | Background: Data concerning incidence and prevalence of cancer in the different regions of Russia have traditionally not been provided on a basis that facilitated comparison with data from countries in western parts of Europe. The oncological hospital in Arkhangelsk, in co-operation with Universitetet i Tromsø (Norway), has established a population based cancer registry for Arkhangelskaja Oblast (AO). AO is an administrative unit with 1.3 million inhabitants in northwestern Russia. The aim of this investigation was to assess the content and quality of the AO cancer registry (AKR), and to present the site-specific cancer-incidence rates in AO in the period 1993–2001. Methods: The population in this study consisted of all individuals registered as residents of AO. All new cancer cases in the period 1993 – 2001, registered the AKR, were included in the study (ICD-10: C00-C95, except for C77-78). The annual gender and age-group-specific population figures were obtained from the AO statistics office. Results: A total of 34 697 cases of primary cancers were included. The age-adjusted (world standard) incidence rate for all sites combined was 164/100 000 for women and 281/100 000 for men. The highest incidence was for cancer of the trachea, bronchus and lung (16.3% of all cases), whereof 88.6 % of the cases were among men. Among women, cancer of the breast constituted 15.9 percent of all cases. The age-adjusted incidences of the most frequent cancer sites among men were: lung (77.4/100 000); stomach (45.9); rectum (13.4); oesophagus (13.0); colon (12.2); bladder (11.6); and prostate cancer (11.1). Among women they were: breast (28.5); stomach (19.7); colon (12.2); and ovary cancer (9.0). Conclusion: Our findings confirm and strengthen the indication that the incidences of stomach, larynx, liver, pancreas, prostate, colon, bladder and melanoma cancer are quite different in male populations in Russia compared to many other European countries. Among women, most major cancer types, except stomach, appear to be relatively low in Russian populations. The AKR provides quality data for estimations and insight to the cancer incidence in a northern Russian population, and we consider the reported incidence rates to reflect the cancer situation in AO well. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/1127 |
| Abstract: | Background: In order to understand the role of herbivores in trophic webs, it is essential to know
what they feed on. Diet analysis is, however, a challenge in many small herbivores with a secretive
life style. In this paper, we compare novel (high-throughput pyrosequencing) DNA barcoding
technology for plant mixture with traditional microhistological method. We analysed stomach
contents of two ecologically important subarctic vole species, Microtus oeconomus and Myodes
rufocanus, with the two methods. DNA barcoding was conducted using the P6-loop of the
chloroplast trnL (UAA) intron.
Results: Although the identified plant taxa in the diets matched relatively well between the two methods, DNA barcoding gave by far taxonomically more detailed results. Quantitative comparison of results was difficult, mainly due to low taxonomic resolution of the microhistological method, which also in part explained discrepancies between the methods. Other discrepancies were likely due to biases mostly in the microhistological analysis. Conclusion: We conclude that DNA barcoding opens up for new possibilities in the study of plant-herbivore interactions, giving a detailed and relatively unbiased picture of food utilization of herbivores. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/2195 |
| Abstract: | The PI3K/Akt pathway is involved in cellular survival pathways by inhibiting apoptotic processes and stimulating cell growth and proliferation. Its negative prognostic value has been proven in many types of cancer. In soft tissue sarcomas, the expression profiles of the PI3K/Akt pathway components are poorly defined and their significance uncertain. We aimed to investigate the prognostic impact of Akt (Akt1) phosphorylated at threonine308 and serine473, Akt2, Akt3, PI3K and PTEN, alone and in coexpression with ER and PgR in non-gastrointestinal stromal tumor soft tissue sarcomas (non-GIST STSs). Tumor samples and clinical data from 249 patients with non-GIST STS were obtained, and tissue microarrays (TMAs) were constructed. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to evaluate marker expression in tumor cells. In univariate analyses, the expression levels of p-Akt Thr308 (P = 0.002), Akt2 (P = 0.008) and PI3K (P < 0.001) were significant prognostic factors. In the multivariate analysis, high PI3K expression was an independent negative prognosticator (HR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.0-2.2, P = 0.042) in addition to advanced age, tumor depth, high malignancy grade, metastasis at diagnosis, surgery and positive resection margins. p-Akt Thr308 expression had strong unfavorable effect in men only (P = 0.009). In contrast, p-Akt Ser473 expression had strong unfavorable impact in women (P = 0.023). PgR-/p-Akt Ser473+ phenotype tended to have less favorable impact in women (P = 0.087), but was the most favorable one in men (P = 0.010). Conclusion: Expression of PI3K was significantly associated with aggressive behavior and shorter DSS in non-GIST STSs. The site of Akt phosphorylation seems to have gender-dependent impact on survival in STS patients. |
| Description: | This papers is part of Andrey Yurjevich Valkovs doctoral thesis. Available in Munin at http://hdl.handle.net/10037/4578 |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3930 |
| Abstract: | Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), fascin, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p105, protein-kinase C-zeta (PKC-ζ), partioning-defective protein-6 (Par-6), E-cadherin and vimentin are tumor promoting molecules through mechanisms involved in cell dedifferentiation. In soft tissue sarcomas, their expression profile is poorly defined and their significance is uncertain. We aimed to investigate the prognostic impact of TGF-β1, NF-κB p105, PKC-ζ, Par-6α, E-cadherin and vimentin in non-gastrointestinal stromal tumor soft tissue sarcomas (non-GIST STSs). Tumor samples and clinical data from 249 patients with non-GIST STS were obtained, and tissue microarrays (TMAs) were constructed for each specimen. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to evaluate marker expression in tumor cells. In univariate analysis, the expression levels of TGF-β1 (P = 0.016), fascin (P = 0.006), NF-κB p105 (P = 0.022) and PKC-ζ, (P = 0.042) were significant indicators for disease specific survival (DSS). In the multivariate analysis, high TGF-β1 expression was an independent negative prognostic factor for DSS (HR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.1–2.4, P = 0.019) in addition to tumor depth, malignancy grade, metastasis at diagnosis, surgery and positive resection margins. Expression of TGF-β1 was significantly associated with aggressive behavior and shorter DSS in non-GIST STSs. |
| Description: | This paper is part of Andrey Yurjevich Valkovs doctoral thesis. Available in Munin at http://hdl.handle.net/10037/4578 |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3931 |
| Abstract: | Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) is a group of malignant tumors arising from extraskeletal connective tissues. They are rare tumors and show high mortality rates. In our study, we sought to elucidate the prognostic impact of molecular factors participating in regulating tumor cell behaviour from benign to malignant and to unravel the impact of the tissue expression of these factors on patients’ survival. The study is based on tissue microarrays of STSs from 249 patients, from North Norway and Arkhangelsk region. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate marker expression. We have investigated prognostic impacts of 15 proteins. Among them, TGF-β, fascin, NF-κB, PKC-ζ, PI3K, p-Akt Thr308, Akt 2 and PGR have shown negative influence on patients’ survival, and impacts of TGF-β and PI3K were unfavorable regardless of age, gender or other characteristics of the patient. Interesting, PGR and ER expression by STS was gender-restricted, being invariably adverse in men and neutral or even favorable in female patients. Moreover, the site of Akt phosphorylation (Thr308 and Ser473) was shown to impart diverse prognostic values in a gender-dependent fashion. Our findings may help to identify subgroups of patients with aggressive tumors requiring adjuvant therapy which, due to relationship of many investigated proteins with female steroid hormone receptor proteins, could include specific endocrine treatment. |
| Description: | Paper 2 of this thesis is not available in Munin: 2. Valkov A, Sorbye S, Kilvaer TK, Donnem T, Smeland E, Bremnes RM and Busund LT.: 'Estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor are prognostic factors in soft tissue sarcomas', International Journal of Oncology (2011), vol.38:1031-1040, available at http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2011.920 |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/4578 |
| Abstract: | Tema for oppgaven er retten til lik lønn for arbeid av lik verdi etter likestillingsloven § 5. Den nærmere problemstillingen er i hvilken grad praksis er i overenstemmelse med lovgivers intensjon i forhold til rekkevidden av forbudet mot lønnsdiskriminering. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/1897 |
| Abstract: | En kvalitativ studie av vellykkede rådgivingssamtaler i videregående skole sett fra elevenes perspektiv. Oppgaven er besvart ut fra følgende problemstilling: "Hva er betydningsfullt for at en samtale mellom en elev og en rådgiver i videregående skole kan oppleves som vellykket? Spørsmålet besvares med overordnet vekt på elevens perspektiv" |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/4338 |
| Abstract: | Focus upon depression and prevention of its occurrence among adolescents is increasing. Novel ways of dealing with this serious problem have become available especially by means of internet-based prevention and treatment programs of depression and anxiety. The use of Internet-based intervention programs among adolescents has revealed some difficulties in implementation that need to be further elucidated. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between personality and adolescent depression and the characteristics of users of an Internet-based intervention program. Method. The Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI), the General Self-Efficacy scale (GSE) and the Centre for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (CES-D) have been administered to a sample (n= 1234) of Norwegian senior high-school students. Results. Multiple regression analysis revealed associations between depression and gender, and several JTCI domains and facets. In line with previous findings in adults, high Harm Avoidance and low Self-Directedness emerged as the strongest predictors of adolescent depressive symptoms. Further, in logistic regression analysis with the covariates JTCI, GSE and CES-D, the only significant variables predicting use/non-use were the CES-D and the temperament domain Reward Dependence. Conclusion. The results in this study revealed level of depressive symptoms as the strongest predictor of the use of the Internet based intervention and that personality might provide useful information about the users. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/4612 |
| Abstract: | The perception of being safe, i.e. the perceived safety is an important prerequisite if working in unsafe environments, such as a coal-mine. Few studies take the view of the miners into consideration to investigate possible problems concerning safety. This study sought to develop an instrument measuring the perceived safety of coalminers in a Norwegian coalmine on the island of Spitsbergen. A 60-item questionnaire, developed through focus groups with miners, was distributed to the workers of one specific mine (Svea Nord). The obtained data were analyzed using principal component factor analysis. The derived constructs, Contentment, Emergency training, Pressure, External threat, and Competence, were found to possess satisfactory psychometric properties. Relationships between variables were tested as well as intergroup differences. Findings are discussed in the light of both knowledge gained from the focus groups and a literature review. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/1631 |
| Abstract: | Denne oppgaven handler om relasjonen mellom læstadianere og ikke- læstadianere. Det er en undersøkelse av hvordan ikke- læstadianere forholder seg til læstadianismen og læstadianere i Manndalen i Nord- Troms. |
| Description: | Dette er en hovedfagsoppgave |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3478 |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a survey of Faroese wh-nominals, in particular (i) the hvør N construction, (ii) the hvat fyri (ein) N construction, and (iii) the hvat slag av N.dat construction. The first construction involves a wh-item which is used both pronominally, corresponding to English who and what, and adnominally, corresponding to English which, what (N), and what kind of. The second construction is the Faroese version of the was für/what for construction, including versions with and without an indefinite article and with and without both the preposition (fyri) and the indefinite article (i.e. a “bare what” construction). The last construction involves an overt kind noun which must be followed by the preposition av ‘of’ which in turn assigns dative case to the main/head noun. The survey is based on data collected during the NORMS fieldwork in the Faroe Islands in August 2008, focusing on a number of morphosyntactic issues as well as the semantic distinction between kind and token interpretation. The various findings on Faroese are compared to data on other varieties of Germanic, in particular the North Germanic ones. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3195 |
| Abstract: | This paper gives an outline of the goals of the pan-Nordic project umbrella Scandinavian Dialect Syntax and of how the research collaboration is organized and financed, and of how the collaboration has advanced during the last 4-5 years. Special attention is devoted to the NORMS Nordic Center of Excellence project which in effect constitutes a highly focused branch of the larger network. There are clear scientific advantages of initiating large scale cooperation of the sort represented by the ScanDiaSyn umbrella, but there are also several challenges and obstacles, especially when it comes to funding. The experiences from the ScanDiaSyn collaboration may therefore be useful from the perspective of the organization of research more generally. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/978 |
| Abstract: | Denne oppgaven tar sikte på å si noe om et studieforbunds engasjement på ett av de mange områder som dekkes av begrepet voksenopplæring, nemlig universitetssirklene, eller studieringer på høgre nivå som etter hvert ble betegnelsen. Det ville føre for langt å beskrive alle sider ved denne virksomheten. Derfor er oppgaven begrenset til å si noe om ”livsvilkårene”. Hovedfunnene er at livsvilkårene har vært svingende. En liten post på statsbudsjettet har til tider fått stor politisk oppmerksomhet. Folkeuniversitetets medarbeidere rundt omkring i landet har stort sett opplevd oppturer og nedturer på samme måte. Utdanningsinstitusjonene har over tid endret seg fra å stå sammen med Folkeuniversitetet om å spre høgre utdanning, til å tenke mer på seg selv. Samarbeid har utviklet seg til konkurranse. Bare i løpet av et par tiår har den kommersielle språkbruken mer og mer tatt over. Produksjon, marked og kunder er blitt sentrale begreper; begreper som også former hverdagen. Ved å gå dypere inn i Folkeuniversitetets virksomhet innenfor høgre utdanning, har jeg fått prøvd ut om mine erfaringer og tanker på dette feltet samsvarer med det en kan beskrive som allmenn oppfatning. I stor grad har det vært tilfelle. Når det gjelder framtidsutsiktene, er min konklusjon at Folkeuniversitetet ikke kommer tilbake til den store aktivitet som Folkeuniversitetet hadde på slutten av 80-tallet og begynnelsen av 90-tallet. På den annen side vil ikke denne virksomheten forsvinne helt, men omfanget vil være atskillig mindre enn det har vært. Nye undervisningsmetoder kan bidra til å nå nye deltakergrupper. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3459 |
| Abstract: | Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) is a promising and relatively new species in Norwegian fish farming. Benefits of cod farming includes stable deliveries of fresh cod all year round, and that the supply of a growing marked can be met without depletion of the cod stocks. Improved slaughter procedures by live chilling and reduction of ante mortem stress, give the opportunity to process the fish pre-rigor, usually within 4 hours pm. Such processing not only reduces fillet gaping which often is a serious problem in well-fed cod fishes filleted post-rigor, but may also lower the transportation costs and make the fresh fillets available to the markets at an earlier stage. Little is known about how pre-rigor filleting affects the drip loss of cod fillets, but the low WHC reported for cod might suggest that it is more severe than in salmon. The aims of this thesis were to determine weight and length changes during ice storage of farmed Atlantic cod fillets produced pre- and post-rigor. In addition, biochemical characteristic such as pH, water content and water holding capacity (WHC) of the fillets were determined. The concentrations of proteins, gelatine degrading enzymes and cathepsin D in the muscle and drip losses during storage were also investigated. The results showed that pre-rigor filleting of farmed Atlantic cod resulted in a 10 % weight loss during an 11 day long storage period after slaughter. This loss was twice the amount found in cod filleted post-rigor (5 days post mortem). Such a large weight loss may indicate that pre-rigor production of skinless fillets from farmed cod is not a feasible practice for the industry. The rigor contraction of the pre-rigor produced fillet resulted in a shortening of 27 % on the second day post mortem. At the end of the storage the shortening of the fillets were approximately 19 % while the post-rigor produced fillets merely had contracted 4 %. The shapes of the pre- and post-rigor produced fillets were quite different. Both the myofibrillar and sarcoplasmatic proteins were apparently very stable during ice storage. However, more sensitive methods than general proteinstaining are necessary to obtain detailed knowledge on post-mortem changes of these proteins in the muscles. The proteins present in the drip losses were very similar to the sarcoplamatic proteins extracted from the muscles. However, some degradation could be detected to have occurred in the drips. Both cathepsin D and gelatine degrading enzymes were detected in the drip losses. As with the sarcoplasmatic proteins, these enzyme activities appeared to be less stable in the drips than in the muscles. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/1212 |
| Abstract: | This paper is part of Peter Svenonius’ Adposition Seminar at the University of Tromsø which was taught in 2005-2006. The main focus was the distinction between locative path and locative place constructions. The aim of this paper is descriptive in nature and focuses on the complete prepositional system of Krio, an English-based Creole language spoken in Sierra Leone. The paper starts with a general introduction to prepositions in Krio. Three different categories are distinguished. This is followed by a description of each preposition individually and a discussion of intransitive prepositions and verb-particle constructions. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/987 |
| Abstract: | The dissertation aims to establish the hierarchy of functional projections in the IP domain of Saamáka. In order to determine this hierarchy, it is important to study the semantic interpretation and syntactic distribution of each individual tense, aspect and modality morpheme. After which the interaction of these morphemes is studied to determine the exact position in the hierarchy of the individual morphemes. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3310 |
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