The thesis discusses the metaphors used in the speeches of US President Barack Obama and Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao. The framework is Cognitive Metaphor Theory, which introduces the idea that cognitive metaphors are conceptualizations or patterns of thought, not lingusitic phenomena, although these metaphors give rise to linguistic metaphors. The metaphorical mapping, the relations between conceptual metaphors and our experience, the differences between conceptual metaphors and poetic metaphors, as well as the functions of metaphors are also discussed. It is the purpose of the thesis to show the ubiquity of metaphor by analyzing the metaphors used in the West (represented by Obama) and the East (represented by Wen). A comparison of the similarities and differences of the conceptual metaphors used by the two politicians is made. The topics of speeches vary, from internal affairs (such as economy and domestic politics) to international affairs. The findings show that the conceptual metaphors TO PURSUE WELL-BEING IS A JOURNEY, PERSONIFICATION and POLITICS IS WAR are found to be the most dominant in both the English and the Chinese corpus, but some details or linguistic expressions in the same conceptual metaphors differ. Some specific American and Chinese metaphors are also highlighted, for instance, the American Dream and the Chinese flag. Metaphors are extensively used in both Obama and Wen’s speeches, and in fact among politicians as well, since metaphors not only have rhetoric functions, but also the power function of legitimization and delegitimization.
Temaet for denne avhandlingen er nasjonshegemoniet innen stedsnavn på Svalbard, et norsk område med et areal på størrelse med Nordland og Troms fylker til sammen. Her har mange forskjellige nasjoner satt spor etter seg i stedsnavna i forbindelse med vitenskaps- og fangstekspedisjoner. Svalbard ble i 1925 en del av Norge, men før dette har nordmenn, svensker, russere, briter, tyskere, hollendere og andre satt sitt preg på stedsnavna helt fra Willem Barentsz oppdaget øygruppen og kalte den for Spitzbergen i 1596. I denne studien undersøker jeg hvilke nasjoner som har satt spor etter seg i stedsnavna, og i hvilken rekkefølge de forskjellige nasjonene står i et slikt navnehegemoni. Både kvinne- og mannsnavn er representert i stedsnavn – som Marietoppen og Qvarnströmbreen. I klassifiseringen er det skilt mellom personer som har hatt et aktivt forhold til Svalbard, f.eks. hvalfangere, fangstfolk, ekspedisjonsmedlemmer – og de som har hatt et mer perifert forhold til Svalbard, f.eks. fyrster og myndighetspersoner. I tillegg kommer det stedsnavn som er nasjonsrelaterte på den måten at andre navn enn personnavn fra hjemlandet er overført i stedsnavn på Svalbard, f. eks. Falunfjellet (Sverige) og Italiaodden (luftskipet Italia).
This master thesis discusses the unusual phenomenon of multiple constituents in German verb second sentences. The approach is based on the topological field model. After dividing apparent multiple fronting from actual multiple fronting, several example sentences are discussed. For the analysis of two arguments in front of the finite verb a brief survey confirming the grammatically judgment completes the discussion.
Norwegian students become less and less motivated to take German as a foreign language while Spanish, supposedly easier to learn and more enjoyable, becomes more popular. Simultaneously, the growing Norwegian tourist industry has an increasing demand for qualified workers with German language skills.
This thesis analyzes the above thematic by questioning high school students on their attitude towards the German language and their motivation for learning it. To gain insight into the demand of the tourist industry, several local businesses within the industry are interviewed on their demand and need for skilled workers with German language competency.
We find that there is a discrepancy between the language demands of local businesses and the quality of German classes in Tromsø high schools. Furthermore, many students lack a distinct motivation to learn German as a foreign language and few are aware that this competency increases their career possibilities in the tourist industry.