| Abstract: | The choice of an elliptic curve for the implementa- tion of an elliptic curve cryptosystem requires count- ing the number of points on such a curve over a fi- nite field. An improvement of Schoof’s algorithm for counting the number of rational points on an ellip- tic curve defined over a finite field takes advantage of some factor of the division polynomials. In this paper, we study the possible factorisations of such division polynomials. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/1405 |
| Abstract: | Software systems today are becoming larger and more complex, resulting in a growing need for good and efficient testing routines. An approach used by several software developers is to automate the test process. Test automation has the benefits that it reduces the time of the testing process and that automated tests are more accurate and precise than manual tests.
Manufacturers who wish to develop products using the Bluetooth technology, the Bluetooth logo and trademark has to go through a qualification program. This program is expensive, thus the manufacturer has incentives to make sure that the product is well tested before sending it to qualification. A Bluetooth stack is an example of a product that must be qualified. An automated tool for testing of Bluetooth stacks is therefore desired. FAT is a framework that provides functionality to write and execute tests on a Bluetooth stack. The framework makes use of the ability to stitch generic test layers in-between the layers of the stack. These test layers can operate on messages passing through the stack. Our test layers provide an API to insert, modify, copy and delete messages. FAT introduces a test system client (TSC) where a tester can write tests and choose tests for execution. The tests are written in Java, where each test is a single method. The tester uses the test layer’s API to interface with the stack. The communication mechanism between the TSC and the test layer is XML-RPC. The TSC may therefore be executed on a different node than the stack itself. This thesis motivates FAT, and describes how the framework is designed and implemented. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/233 |
| Abstract: | Background: Interest in mobile health (mHealth) applications for self-management of diabetes is growing. In July 2009, we found 60 diabetes applications on iTunes for iPhone; by February 2011 the number had increased by more than 400% to 260. Other mobile platforms reflect a similar trend. Despite the growth, research on both the design and the use of diabetes mHealth applications is scarce. Furthermore, the potential influence of social media on diabetes mHealth applications is largely unexplored. Objective: Our objective was to study the salient features of mobile applications for diabetes care, in contrast to clinical guideline recommendations for diabetes self-management. These clinical guidelines are published by health authorities or associations such as the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence in the United Kingdom and the American Diabetes Association. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3942 |
| Abstract: | The problem of feedback equivalence for control systems is considered. An algebra of differential invariants and criteria for the feedback equivalence for regular control systems are found. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/1853 |
| Abstract: | The problem of local feedback equivalence for 1-dimensional control systems of the 1-st order is considered. The algebra of differential invariants and criteria for the feedback equivalence for regular control systems are found. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/1852 |
| Abstract: | This document presents and specifies the protocol that interfaces clients and servers in the File Repository (FR). The FR is a software system that supports sharing of files. The protocol is modelled after Smtp and Nntp and is encoded in Ascii. No details of server implementation is visible in the protocol description, but we state our intentions at several occasions. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/387 |
| Abstract: | Because software security patches relay information about vulnerabilities, they can be reverse engineered into exploits. Tools for doing this already exist. As a result, there is a race between hackers and end-users to first obtain patches. In this paper we present and evaluate FirePatch, an intrusion-tolerant dissemination mechanism that combines encryption, replication, and sandboxing such that end-users are able to win the security patch race. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/395 |
| Abstract: | We present bi-static observations of radio-wave induced optical emissions at 6300 and 5577 Å from a night-time radio-induced optical emission ionospheric pumping experiment at the HIPAS (Fairbanks) facility in Alaska. The optical observations were made at HIPAS and from HAARP located 285 km south-east. From these observations the altitude distribution of the emissions is estimated with tomography-like methods. These estimates are compared with theoretical models. Other diagnostics used to support the theoretical calculations include the new Poker Flat AMISR UHF radar near HIPAS. We find that the altitude distribution of the emissions agree with electron transport modeling with a source of accelerated electrons located 20 km below the upper-hybrid altitude. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3148 |
| Abstract: | Gas hydrates are solid compounds of a guest gas molecule (primarily methane) enclosed in a lattice of host water molecules, occurring under specific pressure-temperature conditions in both natural and manmade environments. In the past decade, gas hydrates are increasingly investigated as a potential new energy source. This thesis presents an integrated evaluation of the gas bound within the hydrate province of the Nyegga area, located in the southern Norwegian Sea. Gas hydrates have long been inferred in the region on the basis of bottom simulating reflections (BSRs). A stochastic Monte Carlo-type calculation was conducted to calculate the in-place gas bound within a gas hydrate zone, as well as within the associated free gas and chimney zones. A prospect, defined by the BSR-extent, is evaluated with focus on the uncertainty of the various reservoir parameters. The lateral variation in reservoir parameters, particularly the 3D reservoir extent and gas saturation, is poorly constrained using the available data and thus results in a large range of input parameters. The Nyegga prospect appears to hold approximately 700 GSm3 of gas in the mean case, roughly comparable to the Ormen Lange gas field. The uncertainty related to the input parameters gives a wide spread of in-place volumes of ca. 180 GSm3 (P90) to >1400 GSm3 (P10). The majority of the resources appear to be bound in the solid gas hydrate zone, followed by the free gas zone and the chimney zone. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/2326 |
| Abstract: | Forskning relatert til fjellskred har oftest fokusert på geomorfologiske fenomener og overflateprosesser, og i mindre grad den betydningen strukturen i berggrunnen kan ha for utrasning. Studiet av fjellskredet i Laksvatnfjellet er en kombinasjon av fagfeltene berggrunnsgeologi, strukturgeologi og geomorfologi. Til sammen har dette dannet grunnlaget for å kunne tolke blant annet skredmekanismer, kontrollerende faktorer og drivkrefter til skredet. Skredet avgrenses i øvre del av en NNØ-SSV og NØ-SV strykende forkastning som er parallell med bakskrenten, og en ØNØ-VSV strykende forkastning som følger en linær elvedal i sør. I øvre deler av skredet er det opptreden av morfologiske rygger, som er tolket å skyldes rotasjon utover av bergrunnen, ved utglidning langs et plant hovedglideplan i bakskrenten. I nedre deler av skredet er det terrasser som er tolket å ha blitt rotert inn mot fjellsiden, ved utglidning langs listriske glideplan. Den indre strukturen i berggrunnen (foliasjon, krenulasjonskløv, sprekker og forkastninger) er viktige faktorer som har styrt utviklingen og lokaliseringen av skredet. Utglidning langs underliggende plan i berggrunnen er den viktigste skredmekanismen, og kan ha skjedd i form av creep langs glideplanene. Dette kan også være årsaken til bevegelse i skredet i dag, som blant annet er påvist av InSAR data. Et eventuelt sammenhengende basalt glideplan i skredet er antatt å ha en rampe-flate geometri. Observasjoner på blotningsskala antyder også flere interne glideplan med trappetrinnsgeometri. En teori er derfor at det kan eksistere flere interne glideplan i skredet, istedenfor eller i tillegg til et sammenhengende basalt glideplan. Ytre drivkrefter som kan ha medvirket til skredet er blant annet seismisk aktivitet knyttet til reaktivering av mesozoiske forkastninger på land og stressavlastning i berggrunnen som følge av deglasiasjon. Strøket til forkastningene som avgrenser skredet, samsvarer med trenden av mesozoiske regionale forkastninger på land i og på sokkelen utenfor Nord-Norge. Reaktivering av disse er derfor antatt og medvirket til initiering skredet i Laksvatnfjellet. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3415 |
| Abstract: | En studie av et fjellskred klassifisert som en katastrofal masseutglidning på et underliggende glideplan. Fjellskredet befinner seg i Nomedalstinden på nordøstsiden av Kåfjorden i Troms fylke. Skredet har oppstått i planfolierte granatglimmergneiser i Kåfjordgruppen i Reisadekkekomplekset. Bergartene er gjennomsatt av et sprekkemønster med flere populasjoner av sprekker. Observasjoner gjort i felt blir sett i sammenheng med regionale kjente topografiske lineasjoner og strukturer, samt satellittfoto og digitale elevasjonsmodeller. Helningsgradienten i skråningen hvor skredet har oppstått er forholdsvis lav, under 30°. Skredet primære glideplan har en rampe-flate geometri, og i de steileste delene av planet følger glideplanet foliasjonen med et fall på omkring 35°. Foliasjonens orientering er tilnærmet konstant utenfor skredet. Vi finner indikasjoner på intern rotasjon av en halvgraben knyttet til at glideplanet er listrisk under sentrale deler av skredet. Mylonittisk foliasjon danner et effektivt glideplan. Langsgående sprekker bidrar til en rampe-flate geometri for glideplanet. Skredet avgrenses i nord av et Ø-V orientert lineament som samsvarer med regionale topografiske lineamenter og strukturer. Morfostrukturer i skredet tolkes som indikatorer for deformasjon knyttet opp mot strukturer i berggrunnen. Det blir diskutert hvilke faktorer som har vært styrende for at skredet kunne utløses i bergartene i Nomedalstinden. Det presenteres en modell for en kronologisk utvikling av skredet og en diskusjon rundt risikoen for framtidige utrasninger. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3655 |
| Abstract: | In recent years antimicrobial peptides have gained a lot of attention due to their potential as a new generation of antibiotics combating the growing problem of antibiotic resistance. It is believed that the amphipathic structure of cationic peptides is a key feature for antimicrobial activity, and that this enables them to interact with the bacterial cell membrane. The conformational space of a range of cationic tripeptides have in this project been studied in solvent using density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations. The results indicate that the cationic tripeptides are able to change between different, but equally stable, conformations that are both amphipathic and non-amphipathic, a property referred to as face flipping. Based on this, face flipping is proposed to be a key feature for the membrane interaction mechanism. The tripeptides mode of interaction was therefore studied with cellular model systems in more detail using MD simulations. The results show that the peptides first interact with the negatively charged head groups of the membrane with their cationic charges and then flip the hydrophobic groups into the membrane bilayer. The results thus provide strong support to the face flipping hypothesis. A problem with antimicrobial peptides is that oral administration is difficult due to the degradation by digestive enzymes. The stability towards chymotryptic degradation has therefore been investigated by probing the S1, S1' and S2' binding pockets with unnatural amino acid side chains. The effect of different side chain substitutions were examined by combining isothermal titration calorimetry, crystallization experiments and extensive molecular modelling. Through these studies it was possible to investigate the preferential binding of several relevant unnatural amino acid side chains to the subsites of chymotrypsin. Important structural and mechanistic features were revealed in a fashion not feasible through the use of native peptide substrates. It was also found that proteolytic stability can be controlled not only by probing the S1 pocket, but also the notably less studied S1' pocket. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/2641 |
| Abstract: | Mulig bevis for vertikal migrasjon av fluider gjennom forkastninger i sørvestlige deler av Barentshavet eksisterer i form av akustisk maskerte områder, tegn til akkumulasjoner og pockmarks. Alle områder med vertikal akustisk maskering forekommer i sammenheng med forkastninger som foreslås å fungere som strømningsveier for fluidene. Maskeringen er funnet i et intervall fra 570 ms TWT til 1590 ms TWT som kan antyde en lekkasje fra dypere til grunnere områder. Fluidene kan komme fra dypereliggende reservoarer på Loppahøyden og/eller fra distale kilder i områder med høyere begravningsdyp. Form og utstrekning på de vertikale maskerte områdene varierer, noe som kan indikere variasjoner i væskestrømmen, både med tanke på mengde og intensitet. De maskerte områdene terminerer i amplitudeanomalier langs URU (Upper Regional Unconformity), alle med reversert polaritet sammenlignet med havbunnsrefleksjonen. Dette kan bety en akkumulasjon av fluider under impermeable enheter, enten grunnet lav permeabilitet i de høyt kompakterte, kvartære, overliggende avsetningene, eller grunnet tilstedeværelse av gasshydrater. Havbunnen og URU inneholder fordypninger med diametre i størrelsesorden 30-450 m. Fordypningene er forsøkt satt opp mot forkastninger i området for å se om det eksisterer en sammenheng mellom forkastningsrelatert migrasjon, fordypninger på havbunnen og langs URU. Forekomsten av slike fordypninger kan også komme av fri gass fra smeltede gasshydrater. I tillegg til akkumulasjonen funnet over de akustisk maskerte områdene langs URU, er det foretatt en kartlegging av kanallignende strukturer i ulike nivå av Snaddformasjonen for å se om det eksisterer en sammenheng mellom mulige akkumulasjoner i kanalene og andre migrasjonstegn i området. Det hele settes i en større regional sammenheng, hvor heving og erosjon trolig kan være styringsprosesser bak fluidlekkasjen som er observert. Trolig kan studien av slike prosesser gi en indikasjon på tidspunktet for migrasjonen. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3421 |
| Abstract: | The Vestnesa Ridge is a 100 km long and ≈3 km wide sediment drift NW of the Svalbard Margin deposited on young oceanic crust. The crest of the Vestnesa Ridge is pierced by 133 pockmarks, where the orientation and elongation is controlled mainly by processes such as positioning of faulting, creeping of sediments or similar down-slope processes. High resolution single seismic reflection data together with chirp data across these pock-marks allowed connecting the potential fluid flow pathways in the sub seabed such as acoustic chimneys and faults to the pockmarks at the seabed. The acoustic datasets encompass very high resolution swath bathymetry data gridded to 15m together with very resolution chirp data. A cross cutting BSR (bottom- simulating reflection) exists in the study area defining the base of the GHSZ (Gas hydrate stability zone), that becomes shallower towards the spreading zone due to increases in heat flow. The GHSZ overlays an approx. 150 m thick layer with en-hanced amplitude reflections suggesting considerable amounts of free gas beneath the GHSZ. Due to reduced permeability in hydrated sediments, gas apparently migrates below the GHSZ along the flanks of Vestnesa Ridge upwards towards the crest. Here the pressure builds up as it get trapped below the GHSZ. Acoustic chimneys connects to the seabed pockmarks and pierce through the GHSZ providing a pressure valve for the free gas zone directly beneath the BSR and possibly for the deep acoustic turbidity zone, where gas may accumulate. Suggested source regions of fluid flow encompass both a depth window for thermogenic gas and a shallow temperature window for biogenic gas. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/1734 |
| Abstract: | Hyperthermia treatment (tissue heating up to 42-45 ºC) based on microwave applicators always uses a temperature controlled coupling medium consisting of deionized water. The bolus prevents blisters in the skin and acts as an impedance matching layer for the electromagnetic energy between the antenna and the treatment volume. Little is known whether practically realizable water flow-rates and other design parameters of the bolus are adequate as to obtain required therapeutic performance during treatment. The goal of this project is to obtain an analysis of which parameters are most crucial to the construction of the bolus. The bolus bag is unintentionally heated by the electromagnetic energy applied to generate a therapeutic effect in the tissue. This effect induce spatio-temporal temperature variations within the bolus bag that are critical to the heating performance (power level and field homogeneity). A 3-D numerical model of a realistic design is made analyzed by numerical computations. Pertinent parameters include flow rate, variable load, ambient temperatures variations, loading at the skin-bolus interface, and heat power deposition patterns within the bolus bag. Post processing of generated data is conducted to acquire information on the simulated quantities. The method used for this analysis is the multi-modal simulation software package Comsol Multiphysics to study the fluid-thermal characteristics of the bolus bag and a recommendations for further simulations and improvements is given. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/1099 |
| Abstract: | Analyser av okkultasjonskurvene frå fotoelektriske observasjonar viser at ein stor del av dei observerte stjernene er dobbelstjerner. Okkultasjonsteknikken kan lett åtskilje stjerner som har ein vinkelavstand større enn 0",01 og under gunstige tilhøve kan oppløysinga vere 0",001. I tillegg kan analysen av observasjonen gje vinkeldiameteren til stjerna dersom han er større enn 0",001. Utfrå vinkeldiameteren kan vi bestemme den effektive temperaturen som er ein fundamental storleik for ei stjerne. Ved observasjonar av okkultasjonar kan vi såleis få verdifull informasjon om stjernene som vert okkultert. Eg har valt å konsentrere meg om den okkulterte stjerna og kva informasjon ein analyse av okkultasjonskurva kan gje om ho. Ein vesentleg del av arbeidet har vore å prøve ut observasjonsutstyret i Skibotn på slike observasjonar og eventuelt kome med forslag om forbetringar av dette. Eit viktig siktemål med dette arbeidet var å tilretteleggje ei enkel observasjonsprosedyre slik at ein seinare kan observere okkultasjonar utan stor arbeidsinnsats, nærmast som ein rutineobservasjon. I kapittel 2, 3 og 4 viser eg korleis vi kan bruke generell diffraksjonsteori i tolkinga av ei okkultasjonskurve. Eg diskuterer også mogelege feilkjelder i denne tolkinga. Kapittel 5 viser instrumentasjonen som vart brukt til observasjonane og gjev ei prosedyre for slike observasjonar. Kapittel 6 forklarar kort analyseprogrammet, og eg diskuterer mogelege forbetringar av det. Kapittel 7 presenterer dei einskilde observasjonane og analyseresultata av dei. Eg gjev ei vurdering av kor gyldige desse resultata er. Kapittel 8 er så ein diskusjon av observasjonskvaliteten og kva innverknad ulike faktorar har på denne. Særleg ser eg på kva innverknad scintillasjonen kan ha. Til slutt gjev eg så i kapittel 9 ei oppsummering av dei viktigaste resultata samt ei vurdering av kva rolle okkultasjonsobservasjonar kan/bør ha ved observatoriet i Skibotn i framtida. |
| Description: | Dette er ei hovudfagsoppgåve |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3444 |
| Abstract: | This thesis describes a study that was carried out in the Tertiary fold-and-thrust belt of Svalbard, in the mountain range of Mediumfjellet summer 2007 and 2008. The focuses were on: i) further describing the larger structures of the Mediumfjellet, ii) analyze the fracture distribution in the limestone beds associated with the major structures in the area. Available data sets are based on photo textured Lidar scan and extensive field observations. The Mediumfjellet thrust stack is situated in the so-called central zone of the Spitsbergen fault-and-thrust belt. The mountain range displays three in-sequence thrusts (M1, M2, and M3) and one out-of-sequence thrust (G), with associated hanging wall anticlines. The anticlines are in general upright and tight, locally with overturned forelimbs, and characterized by thickening of the hinge zone and thinning of the forelimb. Lateral variations caused by oblique ramps, fault segment linkage, and lateral changes in the fold geometry and the fold plunge make the thrust system a complex deformation zone. The fracture system has been divided into three populations, namely; i) Perpendicular fractures including conjugate shear fractures and extensional fractures, ii) conjugate hybrid shear fractures, and iii) thrust fractures. Based on the systematic relationships to the fold axis, the perpendicular and hybrid fractures, are interpreted as syn-folding fractures, whereas observations of folded thrust fractures support a pre-folding event. This study thereby suggests a 2 stage kinematic fracture model, where the pre-folding thrust fractures indicate a NW-SE to N-S contraction, and the syn-folding fractures reveal NW-SW to E-W contraction. Fractures that do not fit into this model are assumed to be a result of lateral local variations or reactivation of existing fractures. When comparing the fracture intensity to the fold domains, the highest intensity is situated in the hinge zone. This implies a fold mechanism with fixed hinge folding, most commonly ascribed to fault-propagation folding or transported fault-propagation folding. Assuming good permeability for large throughgoing fractures and good porosity when there is a high intensity of short bed-terminating fractures, the study suggests a model with good fluid pathways in the forelimb near the major thrusts, and well developed short fractures in the major fold hinges, indicating the location of a possible reservoir. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/1800 |
| Abstract: | Computer games with distributed functionality, such as most modern multiplayer games, provide a rich environment in which one can experiment with high performance distribution of computational and graphical resources. Their extremely high requirements for processing power and consistent visual output create a platform with unique demands. Current tiled display walls provide, as a consequence of their architecture, a large amount of computational resources in the form of a networked cluster of computers, driving the individual tiles. Existing forays into creating games intended for display walls have unfortunately made little use of this power, opting instead to centralise computation on a single host and distributing the resulting graphical information, or by running the same computations on all hosts and displaying different parts of the locally generated information. We seek to remedy this situation by distributing computation and visualisation in order to exploit available resources to a greater degree. Achieving a higher level of resource utilisation will allow increasing the complexity of games to involve larger environments with more interactive entities than on comparative single host systems. These are approaches that are used to some degree in Massively Multiplayer Online Games, though rarely with the same focus on distribution or the same demands for visual consistency between adjoining tiles that on a display wall. This thesis discusses techniques for determining and distributing a continually evolving set of information to a cluster of heterogeneous hosts connected by a network. The hosts will be able to simulate a set of mobile entities, where all entities on all hosts share a single virtual environment in which they can interact with each other while keeping a shared and consistent view of the world state. furthermore, the approach is tailored to visualisation on a display wall. To avoid having to design games specifically for the distributed system presented herein, a library is introduced as a method of removing all distribution-related responsibilities from the game itself, as long as the game supports a simple common interface and a limited set of callbacks for the library to modify the game. Do demonstrate the feasibility of this approach and study some of its properties, the Frag library is implemented as a prototype according to the specified design. An ordinary computer game is modified to use Frag, after which the system is tested and measured, leading to comparisons between the original and the Frag-enabled game in terms of scalability in game complexity, in addition to observations about the suitability of the approach. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/232 |
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