Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) live in the Arctic and have evolved special adaptations to cope with hard environmental conditions. Nasal heat exchange (NHE), which is an efficient heat and water exchange mechanism to combat loss of energy, is well documented in adult reindeer (e.g. Blix and Johnsen (1983), Johnsen 1988). However, it is not known if this mechanism is fully developed from birth and if ...