Recent advances in computing software have enabled the development of calibrated building energy simulations tools that allow retrofit-related analysis including optimization and energy-efficient building design. However, to create a national energy and climate plan, using these tools may imply a great deal of effort (time, cost, and human resources) to carry out simulations for the full set of ...

The study presents the multiphysics modeling of bio-aerosols generated from human respiratory impulses such as coughing, sneezing, breathing, and talking. These droplet-packed viruses exploit the influence of airflow for effortless transmission, rendering them a potential health risk to individuals in the same indoor environment. To gain insight into the transmission of these airborne particles, ...

The risk assessments during the COVID-19 pandemic were primarily based on dose–response models derived from the pooled datasets for infection of animals susceptible to SARS-CoV. Despite similarities, differences in susceptibility between animals and humans exist for respiratory viruses. The two most commonly used dose–response models for calculating the infection risk of respiratory viruses are the ...

The purpose of this study was to reveal the exposure level of surgical staff to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from the patient's nose and wound during operations on COVID-19 patients. The tracer gas N₂O is used to simulate SARS-CoV-2 from the patient's nose and wound. In this study, concentration levels of tracer gas were measured in the breathing zones of ...

Due to the outbreak of Covid-19, negative pressure operating room (NPOR) are strongly recommended to be applied to prevent spreading virus from infected patients to adjacent rooms during surgery procedures. However, there have been few experimental studies on the effect of OR pressure difference on the surgical microenvironment. This study aims to experimentally investigate the airflow distribution ...

With a modified version of the Wells-Riley model, we simulated the size distribution and dynamics of five airborne viruses (measles, influenza, SARS-CoV-2, human rhinovirus, and adenovirus) emitted from a speaking person in a typical residential setting over a relative humidity (RH) range of 20–80% and air temperature of 20–25 °C. Besides the size transformation of virus-containing droplets due to ...

Predictive models for airborne infection risk have been extensively used during the pandemic, but there is yet still no consensus on a common approach, which may create misinterpretation of results among public health experts and engineers designing building ventilation. In this study we applied the latest data on viral load, aerosol droplet sizes and removal mechanisms to improve the Wells Riley ...

Ventilation, air filtration and disinfection have been found to be the main engineering measures to control the airborne respiratory infection transmission in shared indoor spaces. Wells-Riley model modifications allow to calculate the infection risk probability, but gaps in viral load data, risk control methods and dealing with incomplete mixing have resulted in ventilation recommendations falling ...

Without confirmation of the ventilation design conditions (typology and airflow rate), the common practice of identifying unidirectional airflow (UDAF) systems as equivalent to ultra-clean air ventilation systems may be misleading, but also any claims about the ineffectiveness of UDAF systems should be doubted. The aim of this review was to assess and compare ventilation system design conditions for ...