High goose abundance reduces nest predation risk in a simple rodent-free high-Arctic ecosystem

Abstract

Breeding geese are the preferred prey of the Arctic fox Vulpes lagopus in the high-Arctic Svalbard archipelago. According to the <i>apparent competition hypothesis (ACH)</i>, less-abundant prey species (e.g. ptarmigan, waders and small passerines) will experience higher predation rates when breeding in association with the more common prey (geese), due to spill-over predation by the shared predator. As many of these less-abundant species are endemic and/or red-listed, increased predation can have negative repercussions on their populations. We used a one-year baited artificial nest study to assess relative nest predation risk on Svalbard Rock Ptarmigan <i>Lagopus muta hyperborea</i>, small waders (Purple Sandpiper <i>Calidris maritima</i>, Dunlin <i>Calidris alpina</i>, plovers <i>Charadrius spp</i>., and <i>phalaropes Phalaropus spp</i>.) and Snow bunting <i>Plectrophenax nivalis</i> in two study locations contrasted by nesting density of Arctic breeding geese (Pink-footed Goose <i>Anser brachyrhynchus</i> and Barnacle Goose <i>Branta leucopsis</i>). We predicted higher predation risk for the less-abundant species in the study location with higher goose abundance. However, we found that relative nest predation risk was lower in the study location with higher goose abundance, thus being compatible with apparent mutualism and/or prey swamping mechanisms. Our results contrast with those from more structurally complex Arctic ecosystems and suggest that allochtonous subsidies from temperate ecosystems structure the predation pattern in this high-Arctic tundra ecosystem.