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dc.contributor.advisorHolt, Jan
dc.contributor.authorHansen, Tonje Elisabeth
dc.date.accessioned2019-05-15T10:28:02Z
dc.date.available2019-05-15T10:28:02Z
dc.date.issued2019-05-07
dc.description.abstractAstmaepidemien de siste årtiene, har ført til at astma er blitt den vanligste kroniske sykdommen blant barn i den vestlige verden. Selv om studier fra ulike steder viser stor variasjon i forekomsten av astma, allergisk øye- og nesekatarr (rhinokonjunktivitt) og eksem, har man på tross av utstrakt forskning ikke funnet årsaken til sykdommene eller entydige forebyggende tiltak. Denne avhandlingen (tesen) er basert på resultater fra studien ‘Astma og allergi blant skolebarn Nordland’. Formålet med studien var å undersøke forekomsten av astma, allergisk rhinokonjunktivitt og eksem blant skolebarn, identifisere risikofaktorer og mulige assosiative mekanismer for utviklingen av astma samt evaluere diagnostiske metoder brukt for astma og allergiske sykdommer. Første del av studien bestod av en tverrsnittstudie som inkluderte 4150 barn, 7-14 år gamle fra tilfeldig utvalgte skoler i Nordland fylke. Resultatene fra 2008 ble sammenlignet med resultatene fra lignende studer fra 1985 og 1995. I den andre delen av studien ble astmatiske barn (cases) fra tversnittstudien invitert sammen med ikke-astmatiske barn (controls) med samme kjønn og alder til en oppfølgende case-control studie. Case-control studien bestod av klinisk vurdering og utstrakt klinisk testing av 801 barn, og resultatene ble delvis sammenlignet med en lignende case-control studie fra 1985. Resultatene fra studien viser en økning i forekomsten av astma og allergisk rhinokonjunktivitt mellom 1985 og 2008, mens forekomsten av eksem flatet ut i siste del av perioden. Forekomsten av sykdom siste år, doblet og tredoblet seg mellom 1995 og 2008. Sammenlignet med klinisk vurdering (som gullstandard) hadde spørreskjemaet som ble brukt i studien høy validitet (sensitivitet 0.96 og spesifisitet 0.87) og resultatene var samsvarende. Undersøkelsen av mulige risikofaktorer for astma viste at nedre luftveisinfeksjoner, allergisk rhinokonjunktivitt og matvareallergi var viktigst i 2008, mens gjentatte nedre luftveisinfeksjoner, atopisk sykdom i familien og elveblest hadde størst betydning i 1985. I løpet av studieperioden har sannsynligvis en økning i gjennomsnittstemperatur ført til økt pollen produksjon og økt forekomst av allergisk rhinokonjunktivitt. Det kan bety at allergisk rhinokonjunktivitt har bidratt til økningen i astmaforekomst i denne populasjonen. Som en konklusjon viser studien en kraftig økning av forekomsten av astma og allergisk rhinokonjunktivitt, og at spørreskjemaet fungerer som et godt epidemiologisk verktøy. Nedre luftveisinfeksjon ser ut til å være den viktigste faktoren for utvikling av astma i denne barnepopulasjonen, sammen med allergiske sykdommer. Allergisk rhinokonjunktivitt kan ha bidratt til økningen i forekomst av astma i perioden 1985-2008.en_US
dc.description.abstractThe ‘asthma epidemic’ has led asthma to become the most frequent chronic disease among children in developed countries. However, the prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases varies greatly around the world, and despite extensive research, there has not been a significant breakthrough in the understanding of the mechanisms and genetics of, and effective preventive strategies for asthma. This thesis is based on the results from the study ‘Asthma and allergy among schoolchildren in Nordland county’. Overall aims were to investigate prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (AR) and eczema in schoolchildren, identifying risk factors and possible associative mechanisms for the development of asthma in children and the use of diagnostic tools in relation to asthma and allergic diseases. The first part of the study consisted of a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey including 4150 children aged 7-14 years from randomly selected schools in Nordland county. The results in 2008 were compared to the results from similar surveys in 1985 and 1995. In the second part of the study, children reporting asthma ever (cases) in the cross-sectional survey together with matched non-asthmatic controls were invited to participate in a case-control study. The case-control study consisted of the clinical assessment and extensive clinical testing of 801 children, and the results were partly compared to a similar case-control study in 1985. The results demonstrated an increase in the prevalence of asthma and AR ever in schoolchildren in the period 1985-2008, while the prevalence of eczema ever reached a plateau. The prevalence of the current diseases doubled and trebled between 1995 and 2008. Compared to clinical assessment (gold standard) the survey questionnaire was found to have a high sensitivity (0.96) and specificity (0.87), together with a very good overall agreement. Exploring possible risk factors showed that lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs), AR and food allergy were most important in 2008, while repeated LRTIs, atopic diseases in the family and urticaria ever had most impact in 1985. During the study period, increased average temperature may have led to a rise in pollen production and thereby the increased prevalence of AR. Thus, AR might have contributed to the increased asthma prevalence in the study population In conclusion, the study revealed a considerable increase in the prevalence of asthma and AR in schoolchildren. When validating the questionnaire used against clinical assessment, we found the questionnaire to be a good epidemiological tool. LRTIs seems to be the most important risk factor for developing asthma in this subarctic child population, together with allergic comorbidity, which might have contributed to the increase in asthma prevalence in the period 1985-2008.en_US
dc.description.doctoraltypeph.d.en_US
dc.description.popularabstractThe ‘asthma epidemic’ has led asthma to become the most frequent chronic disease among children in developed countries. However, the prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases varies greatly around the world, and despite extensive research, there has not been a significant breakthrough in the understanding of asthma. This thesis is based on the results from the study ‘Asthma and allergy among schoolchildren in Nordland county’. The overall aims were to investigate prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (AR) and eczema in schoolchildren and identifying possible risk factors for asthma in children The first part of the study consisted of a questionnaire-based survey including 4150 children aged 7-14 years from randomly selected schools in Nordland county. The findings in the 2008 survey were compared to the results from similar surveys in 1985 and 1995. In the second part of the study, children reporting asthma ever (cases) together with matched non-asthmatic controls were invited to participate in a case-control study. The aim of the case-control study was to validate the questionnaire used, evaluate different diagnostic tools and identify potential risk factors. The results demonstrated an increase in the prevalence of asthma and AR ever in schoolchildren in the period 1985-2008, while the prevalence of eczema ever reached a plateau. Compared to clinical assessment (as the gold standard) the survey questionnaire was found to be a good tool for epidemiological studies. Exploring possible risk factors showed that lower respiratory tract infections, AR and food allergy were most important in 2008, while repeated lower respiratory tract infections, atopic diseases in the family and urticaria ever had most impact in 1985. During the study period, increased average temperature may have led to a rise in pollen production and thereby the increased prevalence of AR. Thus, AR might have contributed to the increased asthma prevalence in the study populationen_US
dc.description.sponsorshipHelse Nord RHF Morten Jensens minnefonden_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/15313
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherUiT The Arctic University of Norwayen_US
dc.publisherUiT Norges arktiske universiteten_US
dc.relation.haspart<p>Paper I: Hansen, T.E., Evjenth, B. & Holt, J. (2013). Increasing prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema among schoolchildren: Three surveys during the period 1985-2008. <i>Acta Paediatrica 102</i>(1), 47-52. Also available at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/15378> https://hdl.handle.net/10037/15378</a>. <p>Paper II: Hansen, T.E., Evjenth, B. & Holt, J. (2015).Validation of a questionnaire against clinical assessment in the diagnosis of asthma in schoolchildren. <i>Journal of Asthma 52</i>(3), 262-267. Published version not available in Munin due to publisher’s restrictions. Published version available at <a href=https://doi.org/10.3109/02770903.2014.966914>https://doi.org/10.3109/02770903.2014.966914</a>. Accepted manuscript version available at <a href= https://hdl.handle.net/10037/15377>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/15377</a>. <p>Paper III: Hansen, T.E., Evjenth, B. & Holt, J. (2018). Lower respiratory tract infections appear to be the most important risk factor for current asthma in subarctic schoolchildren. <i>Acta Paediatrica 108</i>(5), 911-919. Also available at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/15379>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/15379</a>.en_US
dc.relation.ispartofseriesISM skriftserie; 202
dc.rights.accessRightsopenAccessen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2019 The Author(s)
dc.subject.courseIDDOKTOR-003
dc.subjectVDP::Medisinske Fag: 700::Klinisk medisinske fag: 750::Pediatri: 760en_US
dc.subjectVDP::Medical disciplines: 700::Clinical medical disciplines: 750::Pediatrics: 760en_US
dc.titleThe prevalence and possible risk factors of asthma in a subarctic child population. A study of asthma and allergy among schoolchildren i Nordland countyen_US
dc.typeDoctoral thesisen_US
dc.typeDoktorgradsavhandlingen_US


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