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dc.contributor.advisorVangberg, Torgil
dc.contributor.authorHindenes, Lars Bakke
dc.date.accessioned2021-11-09T14:06:51Z
dc.date.available2021-11-09T14:06:51Z
dc.date.issued2021-12-03
dc.description.abstract<p><i>Background:</i> The Circle of Willis (CoW) is a circular structure of arteries in which most of the blood flowing to our brains pass through. The structure has primarily been regarded as important for its ability to redistribute blood flow in case of acute arterial occlusion, but may also have a role in dampening the pressure gradient in cerebral blood flow. The CoW anatomy also varies considerably, where its segments can be missing or thinner than normal, and therefore appears as a risk factor for cerebrovascular health. <p><i>Objectives:</i> To describe and report (I) the observed CoW variants and anatomy, and also examine the incomplete CoW variants’ associations to (II) white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and (III) saccular intracranial aneurysms (IA) compared to the complete CoW variant. <p><i>Methods:</i> Participants were invited from The Seventh Tromsø Study of which 1878 underwent magnetic resonance imaging. From the scans, CoW variants were semiautomatically classified. Likewise, WMH was automatically segmented and IAs were manually ascertained by radiologists. <p><i>Results:</i> The complete CoW is not very prevalent in participants older than 40 years old, and our findings suggest that the CoW becomes more incomplete with older age. Furthermore, incomplete CoW variants were not associated with increased WMH volume compared to the complete CoW variant. Incomplete CoW variants were associated increased odds of IA presence compared to the complete CoW variant. <p><i>Conclusion:</i> The results indicate that a complete CoW variant is not common in adults and elderly, which may have unfortunate consequences when incomplete CoW variants are associated with increased prevalence of IAs. Fortunately, not all results imply unfavourable outcomes, but further study of the CoW changes and possible effects of the variants over time are required.en_US
dc.description.abstract<p><i>Bakgrunn:</i> Willis Sirkel (CoW) er en sirkulær struktur av arterier i bunnen av hjernen som det meste av blodet går igjennom på tur til hjernen. Strukturen har vært antatt viktig for dens evner til å omdisponere blod i tilfellet arterier går tett, men i nyere tid har det også blitt foreslått at strukturen kan være viktig for å dempe pulstrykket i hjernen fra hjertet. Anatomien til CoW varierer mye, der segmenter mangler eller er tynnere enn normalt, og framstår dermed som et mulig risikomoment for hjernehelsen. <p><i>Mål:</i> Å beskrive (I) CoW varianter og anatomi. Analysere ufullstendige CoW varianters assosiasjoner til (II) vevsskader i hjernens indre som kalles hvit materie hyperintensiteter (WMH) og (III) sakkulære intrakranielle aneurismer (IA) sammenliknet med den fullstendige CoW varianten. <p><i>Metoder:</i> Deltakere ble invitert fra den Syvende Tromsøundersøkelsen hvorav 1878 ble tatt hjernebilder av med magnetresonans. Fra disse bildene ble CoW anatomi klassifisert. Likeså ble WMH automatisk segmentert og IA påvist av radiologer. <p><i>Resultater:</i> Den fullstendige CoW var ikke vanlig blant deltakerne eldre enn 40 år, og vi observerte også at CoW anatomien ble mer og mer ufullstendig hos eldre. Videre var ufullstendige CoW varianter ikke assosiert med høyere forekomst av WMH sammenliknet med den fullstendige CoW. Videre var ufullstendige CoW varianter assosiert med forhøyet odds for å ha IA sammenliknet med den fullstendige CoW. <p><i>Konklusjon:</i> Resultatene antyder at en fullstendig CoW ikke er spesielt vanlig hos voksne og eldre, noe som kan få uheldige følger når ufullstendige CoW er assosiert med økt forekomst av IA. Heldigvis antyder ikke alle resultatene negative følger, men mer forskning på CoW endringer og mulige effekter av anatomien over tid behøves for å stadfeste resultatene.en_US
dc.description.doctoraltypeph.d.en_US
dc.description.popularabstractThe Circle of Willis (CoW) is a circular arrangement of arteries formed at the base of the brain by the main arteries also providing most of the brain with blood. As the CoW is often incomplete due arteries being either thinner than usual or missing, the main goal was to see if an incomplete CoW was harmful to the brain. Therefore, I studied the (1) CoW anatomy and how it coincided with (2) abnormal tissue in the brain’s white matter or (3) aneurysm in the arteries close to the CoW. Data from the Tromsø Study showed that (1) only 12% of an adult population (40-80 years) have a complete CoW and the CoW appears to become less complete with older age, and (2) incomplete CoW anatomy coincided not with more abnormal brain tissue, but (3) coincided more often with presence of aneurysms. The results suggest that the CoW anatomy may be an important risk factor for explaining development of aneurysms. Further studies that can verify causes and effects of CoW are still required.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipThis work was supported by two Helse Nord project grants HNF1369-17 and SFP1271-16, and computational resources from NOTUR grant #NN9562K.en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/22958
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherUiT The Arctic University of Norwayen_US
dc.publisherUiT Norges arktiske universiteten_US
dc.relation.haspart<p>Paper I: Hindenes, L.B., Håberg, A.K., Johnsen, L.H., Mathiesen, E.B., Robben, D. & Vangberg, T.R. (2020). Variations in the Circle of Willis in a large population sample using 3D TOF angiography: The Tromsø Study. <i>PLoS ONE, 15</i>(11), e0241373. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/20374>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/20374</a>. <p>Paper II: Hindenes, L.B., Håberg, A.K., Johnsen, L.H., Mathiesen, E.B. & Vangberg, T.R. (2021). An incomplete Circle of Willis is not a risk factor for white matter hyperintensities: The Tromsø Study. <i>Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 420</i>, 117268. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/20500>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/20500</a>. <p>Paper III: Hindenes, L.B., Ingebrigtsen, T, Isaksen, J.G., Håberg, A.K., Johnsen, L.H., Herder, M., Mathiesen, E.B. & Vangberg, T.R. Incomplete Circle of Willis variants associated with increased odds of intracranial aneurysms in a cross-sectional population-based study: The Tromsø study. (Submitted manuscript).en_US
dc.rights.accessRightsopenAccessen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2021 The Author(s)
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0en_US
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)en_US
dc.subjectneuroimagingen_US
dc.subjectCircle of Willisen_US
dc.subjectaneurysmen_US
dc.subjectwhite matter hyperintensityen_US
dc.subjectcerebrovascularen_US
dc.subjectMRIen_US
dc.subjectTromsøundersøkelsenen_US
dc.subjectThe Tromsø Studyen_US
dc.titleCircle of Willis variants and cerebrovascular health: Representations, prevalences, functions and related consequences. Incomplete anatomy and changes to flow appear to induce more unfavourable health outcomesen_US
dc.typeDoctoral thesisen_US
dc.typeDoktorgradsavhandlingen_US


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Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
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