Choosing Bad versus Worse: Predictions of Two-Photon-Absorption Strengths Based on Popular Density Functional Approximations

Abstract

We present a benchmark study of density functional approximation (DFA) performances in predicting the two-photon-absorption strengths in π-conjugated molecules containing electron-donating/-accepting moieties. A set of 48 organic molecules is chosen for this purpose, for which the two-photon-absorption (2PA) parameters are evaluated using different DFAs, including BLYP, PBE, B3LYP, PBE0, CAM-B3LYP, LC-BLYP, and optimally tuned LC-BLYP. Minnesota functionals and ωB97X-D are also used, applying the two-state approximation, for a subset of molecules. The efficient resolution-of-identity implementation of the coupled-cluster CC2 model (RI-CC2) is used as a reference for the assessment of the DFAs. Two-state models within the framework of both DFAs and RI-CC2 are used to gain a deeper insight into the performance of different DFAs. Our results give a clear picture of the performance of the density functionals in describing the two-photon activity in dipolar π-conjugated systems. The results show that global hybrids are best suited to reproduce the absolute values of 2PA strengths of donor–acceptor molecules. The range-separated functionals CAM-B3LYP and optimally tuned LC-BLYP, however, show the highest linear correlations with the reference RI-CC2 results. Hence, we recommend the latter DFAs for structure–property studies across large series of dipolar compounds.