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dc.contributor.authorInce, Can
dc.contributor.authorvan Kuijen, Anne-Marie
dc.contributor.authorMilstein, Dan M J
dc.contributor.authorYürük, Koray
dc.contributor.authorFolkow, Lars
dc.contributor.authorFokkens, Wytske J
dc.contributor.authorBlix, Arnoldus S
dc.date.accessioned2022-05-11T09:17:40Z
dc.date.available2022-05-11T09:17:40Z
dc.date.issued2012-12-17
dc.description.abstractObjective To characterise the functional morphology of the nasal microcirculation in humans in comparison with reindeer as a means of testing the hypothesis that the luminous red nose of Rudolph, one of the most well known reindeer pulling Santa Claus’s sleigh, is due to the presence of a highly dense and rich nasal microcirculation.<p> <p>Design Observational study.<p> <p>Setting Tromsø, Norway (near the North Pole), and Amsterdam, the Netherlands.<p> <p>Participants Five healthy human volunteers, two adult reindeer, and a patient with grade 3 nasal polyposis.<p> <p>Main outcome measures Architecture of the microvasculature of the nasal septal mucosa and head of the inferior turbinates, kinetics of red blood cells, and real time reactivity of the microcirculation to topical medicines.<p> <p>Results Similarities between human and reindeer nasal microcirculation were uncovered. Hairpin-like capillaries in the reindeers’ nasal septal mucosa were rich in red blood cells, with a perfused vessel density of 20 (SD 0.7) mm/mm2 . Scattered crypt or gland-like structures surrounded by capillaries containing flowing red blood cells were found in human and reindeer noses. In a healthy volunteer, nasal microvascular reactivity was demonstrated by the application of a local anaesthetic with vasoconstrictor activity, which resulted in direct cessation of capillary blood flow. Abnormal microvasculature was observed in the patient with nasal polyposis.<p> <p>Conclusions The nasal microcirculation of reindeer is richly vascularised, with a vascular density 25% higher than that in humans. These results highlight the intrinsic physiological properties of Rudolph’s legendary luminous red nose, which help to protect it from freezing during sleigh rides and to regulate the temperature of the reindeer’s brain, factorsen_US
dc.identifier.citationInce, van Kuijen, Milstein, Yürük, Folkow P., Fokkens, Blix as. Why Rudolph's nose is red: observational study. BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2012;345(e8311):1-6en_US
dc.identifier.cristinIDFRIDAID 988636
dc.identifier.doi10.1136/bmj.e8311
dc.identifier.issn0959-8146
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/25072
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.relation.journalBMJ. British Medical Journal
dc.rights.accessRightsopenAccessen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2012 The Author(s)en_US
dc.titleWhy Rudolph's nose is red: observational studyen_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.typeTidsskriftartikkelen_US


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