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dc.contributor.authorLazado, Carlo C.
dc.contributor.authorStiller, Kevin Torben
dc.contributor.authorTimmerhaus, Gerrit
dc.contributor.authorReiten, Britt Kristin Megård
dc.contributor.authorNicolaysen, Ilona Lorraine
dc.contributor.authorCarletto, Danilo
dc.contributor.authorAlipio, Hanna Ross De Dios
dc.contributor.authorHansen-Bergstedt, Julie
dc.contributor.authorAndersen, Øivind
dc.date.accessioned2024-01-09T10:04:57Z
dc.date.available2024-01-09T10:04:57Z
dc.date.issued2024-01-04
dc.description.abstractAtlantic salmon (Salmo salar) might encounter toxic hydrogen sulphide (H<sub>2</sub>S) gas during aquaculture production. Exposure to this gas can be acute or chronic, with heightened levels often linked to significant mortality rates. Despite its recognised toxicity, our understanding of the physiological implications of H<sub>2</sub>S on salmon remains limited. This report details the mucosal and systemic physiological consequences in post-smolt salmon reared in brackish water at 12 ppt after prolonged exposure to elevated H<sub>2</sub>S levels over 4 weeks. The fish were subjected to two concentrations of H<sub>2</sub>S: 1 µg/L (low group) and 5 µg/L (high group). An unexposed group at 0 µg/L served as the control. Both groups exposed to H<sub>2</sub>S exhibited incremental mortality, with cumulative mortality rates of 4.7 % and 16 % for the low and high groups, respectively. Production performance, including weight and condition factors, were reduced in the H<sub>2</sub>S-exposed groups, particularly in the high group. Mucosal response of the olfactory organ revealed higher tissue damage scores in the H<sub>2</sub>S-exposed groups, albeit only at week 4. The high group displayed pronounced features such as increased mucus cell density and oedema-like vacuoles. Transcriptome analysis of the olfactory organ unveiled that the effects of H<sub>2</sub>S were more prominent at week 4, with the high group experiencing a greater magnitude of change than the low group. Genes associated with the extracellular matrix were predominantly downregulated, while the upregulated genes primarily pertained to immune response. H<sub>2</sub>S-induced alterations in the metabolome were more substantial in plasma than skin mucus. Furthermore, the number of differentially affected circulating metabolites was higher in the low group compared to the high group. Five core pathways were significantly impacted by H<sub>2</sub>S regardless of concentration, including the phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis. The plasma levels of phenylalanine and tyrosine were reduced following exposure to H<sub>2</sub>S. While there was a discernible distinction in the skin mucus metabolomes among the three treatment groups, only one metabolite – 4-hydroxyproline – was significantly impacted by H<sub>2</sub>S. Furthermore, this metabolite was significantly reduced in the plasma and skin mucus of H<sub>2</sub>S-exposed fish. This study underscores that prolonged exposure to H<sub>2</sub>S, even at concentrations previously deemed sub-lethal, has discernible physiological implications that manifest across various organisational levels. Given these findings, prolonged exposure to H<sub>2</sub>S poses a welfare risk, and thus, its presence must be maintained at low levels (<1 µg/L) in salmon land-based rearing systems.en_US
dc.identifier.citationLazado, Stiller, Timmerhaus, Reiten BKM, Nicolaysen, Carletto, Alipio, Hansen-Bergstedt, Andersen. Mucosal and systemic physiological changes underscore the welfare risks of environmental hydrogen sulphide in post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2023;270
dc.identifier.cristinIDFRIDAID 2217924
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115897
dc.identifier.issn0147-6513
dc.identifier.issn1090-2414
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/32379
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherElsevieren_US
dc.relation.journalEcotoxicology and Environmental Safety
dc.relation.projectIDNofima AS: 13013
dc.relation.projectIDNorges forskningsråd: 300825
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2023 The Author(s)en_US
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0en_US
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)en_US
dc.subjectVDP::Landbruks- og fiskerifag: 900::Fiskerifag: 920::Akvakultur: 922en_US
dc.subjectVDP::Agriculture and fisheries science: 900::Fisheries science: 920::Aquaculture: 922en_US
dc.subjectVDP::Landbruks- og fiskerifag: 900::Fiskerifag: 920::Fiskehelse : 923en_US
dc.subjectVDP::Agriculture and fisheries science: 900::Fisheries science: 920::Fish health: 923en_US
dc.subjectVDP::Matematikk og naturvitenskap: 400::Basale biofag: 470::Generell immunologi: 478en_US
dc.subjectVDP::Mathematics and natural scienses: 400::Basic biosciences: 470::General immunology: 478en_US
dc.titleMucosal and systemic physiological changes underscore the welfare risks of environmental hydrogen sulphide in post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)en_US
dc.type.versionpublishedVersionen_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.typeTidsskriftartikkelen_US
dc.typePeer revieweden_US


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Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Med mindre det står noe annet, er denne innførselens lisens beskrevet som Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)