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dc.contributor.advisorJohansen, Terje
dc.contributor.authorKournoutis, Athanasios
dc.date.accessioned2024-05-06T11:13:39Z
dc.date.available2024-05-06T11:13:39Z
dc.date.issued2024-05-23
dc.description.abstractSelective autophagy is responsible for the lysosomal degradation of damaged or unnecessary cellular components, via a mechanism that acts in the cytoplasm. This process is crucial for cellular health and the responses to stress. In this study, we looked at a specific group of proteins, called ATG8s, which according to published literature, acts along with the selective autophagy receptors as the bridge between the components selected for degradation and the autophagy machinery. In this thesis, we present data indicating that ATG8s also can have functional roles in the nucleus. One member of this protein family, LC3B, was found to play a transcriptional downregulatory role in the cell's response to oxidative stress via an interaction with the transcription factor NRF2, a master regulator of the oxidative response. Contrary to expectations, we found that NRF2 is not degraded by autophagy, revealing a new layer of operation for LC3B. In addition, along the same lines, we reported on a study which demonstrated that LC3B acts as a co-factor to the transcription factor LMX1B, stimulating transcription of autophagy genes and contributing to midbrain dopaminergic neuron maintenance. We also explored the role of another ATG8 protein, GABARAP, in the degradation of WSTF, a subunit of the nuclear ISWI chromatin remodeling complex which represses gene activation. We saw that WSTF degradation led to senescence-induced inflammation, due to the opening up of the chromatin related to inflammatory genes of the senescence-associated phenotype. By blocking the interaction between GABARAP and WSTF, senescence-related inflammation could be partially controlled. We also delved into an ancient selective autophagy receptor, NBR1, which binds to ATG8s, discussing its evolution and drawing parallels with other ATG8-binding proteins like its distant cousin p62.en_US
dc.description.abstractSelektiv autofagi er ansvarlig for den lysosomale nedbrytningen av skadede eller unødvendige cellulære komponenter, via en mekanisme som virker i cytoplasmaet. Denne prosessen er avgjørende for cellulær helse og responsene på stress. I denne studien så vi på en spesifikk gruppe proteiner, kalt ATG8-er, som ifølge publisert litteratur, virker sammen med de selektive autofagi-reseptorene som broen mellom komponentene som er valgt for nedbrytning, og autofagi-maskineriet. I denne avhandlingen presenterer vi data som indikerer at ATG8-er også kan ha funksjonelle roller i kjernen. Ett medlem av denne proteinfamilien, LC3B, ble funnet å spille en transkripsjonell nedregulerende rolle i cellens respons på oksidativt stress via en interaksjon med transkripsjonsfaktoren NRF2, en hovedregulator av den oksidative responsen. I motsetning til forventningene fant vi at NRF2 ikke nedbrytes av autofagi, og avslørte dermed et nytt lag av operasjon for LC3B. I tillegg rapporterte vi om en studie som demonstrerte at LC3B fungerer som en kofaktor for transkripsjonsfaktoren LMX1B, stimulerer transkripsjonen av autofagi-gener og bidrar til vedlikehold av dopaminerge nevroner i midtbrainen. Vi utforsket også rollen til et annet ATG8-protein, GABARAP, i nedbrytningen av WSTF, en subenhet av det nukleære ISWI-kromatinomformingskomplekset som undertrykker genaktivisering. Vi så at nedbrytningen av WSTF førte til senescens-indusert betennelse, på grunn av åpningen av kromatinet relatert til inflammatoriske gener av den senescens-assosierte fenotypen. Ved å blokkere interaksjonen mellom GABARAP og WSTF, kunne senescens-relatert betennelse delvis kontrolleres. Vi dykket også ned i en gammel selektiv autofagi-reseptor, NBR1, som binder seg til ATG8-er, diskuterte dens evolusjon og trakk paralleller med andre ATG8-bindende proteiner som dens fjerne fetter p62.en_US
dc.description.doctoraltypeph.d.en_US
dc.description.popularabstractAutophagy is a process in our cells, which degrades and recycles excessive and damaged parts of the cytoplasm. This process involves many cytoplasmic proteins and is essential for keeping cells healthy. This study focused on ATG8 proteins (LC3B, GABARAP), the bridge between the recycling machinery and what is to be recycled. We found that GABARAP recycles the protein WSTF, whose job is in the nucleus. By doing that, autophagy controls what WSTF is responsible for, which is reducing inflammation in old age. We also looked at an important autophagy receptor, NBR1, an ancient part of the selective autophagy process. We finally find that LC3B, also has a role unrelated to autophagy, in that it influences genes in the nucleus during oxidative stress, by interacting with the transcription factor NRF2.en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/33481
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherUiT The Arctic University of Norwayen_US
dc.publisherUiT Norges arktiske universiteten_US
dc.relation.haspart<p>Paper I: Kournoutis, A., Shrestha, B.K., Olsvik, H.L., Abudu, Y.P., Jain, A., Evjen, G., Øvervatn, A., Lamark, T. & Johansen, T. Competitive binding between LC3B and p300/CBP to the NRF2 Neh5 domain regulates target gene transcriptional activation. (Manuscript). <p>Paper II: Wang, Y., Eapen, V.V., Kournoutis, A., Onorati, A., Li, X., Zhou, X., … Dou, Z. Nuclear autophagy interactome unveils WSTF as a constitutive nuclear inhibitor of inflammation. (Manuscript). Also available on bioRxiv at <a href=https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.10.04.510822>https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.10.04.510822</a>. <p>Paper III: Kournoutis, A. & Johansen, T. (2023). LC3B is a cofactor for LMX1B-mediated transcription of autophagy genes in dopaminergic neurons. (Spotlight). <i>Journal of Cell Biology, 222</i>(5), e202303008. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/33181>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/33181</a>. <p>Paper IV: Rasmussen, N.L., Kournoutis, A., Lamark, T. & Johansen, T. (2022). NBR1: The archetypal selective autophagy receptor. <i>Journal of Cell Biology, 221</i>(11), e202208092. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/28316>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/28316</a>.en_US
dc.rights.accessRightsopenAccessen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2024 The Author(s)
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0en_US
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)en_US
dc.subjectMolecular cell biologyen_US
dc.subjectAutophagyen_US
dc.subjectAutophagy-related proteins (ATGs)en_US
dc.subjectTranscriptional regulationen_US
dc.subjectProtein degradationen_US
dc.titleATG8s in the nucleus: Beyond the autophagy paradigmen_US
dc.typeDoctoral thesisen_US
dc.typeDoktorgradsavhandlingen_US


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