dc.contributor.advisor | Wood, Shona H. | |
dc.contributor.author | Melum, Vebjørn Jacobsen | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2025-05-05T11:15:01Z | |
dc.date.available | 2025-05-05T11:15:01Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2025-05-20 | |
dc.description.abstract | The geophysical properties of the earth result in, yearly changes in solar irradiance driving seasonal fluctuations in temperature and food availability. This necessitates non-equatorial species to partition energy demanding processes to favourable times of the year. Temporal gating of physiology requires both a readjustment of homeostatic processes (rheostasis), and the ability to keep track of seasonal time. Mammalian species primarily use changes in photoperiod (day length) to allow anticipation of forthcoming seasonal opportunities and demands. Photoperiod is internally represented by nocturnal melatonin secretion, and via the pars tuberalis and the tanycytes of the 3rd ventricle of the hypothalamus, this results in seasonal metabolic adaptations. Hence, the overarching objective of this thesis was to elucidate the molecular signature of tanycytes in two seasonal paradigms that shift metabolism; maternal photoperiodic programming (Siberian hamster, <i>Phodopus Sungorus</i>) and hibernation (golden hamster, <i>Mesocricetus auratus</i>). In Paper Ⅰ, we review the neuroendocrine processes involved in maternal photoperiodic programming (MPP). Here, photoperiod is relayed to small rodents during gestation, via the maternal melatonin signal, programming the tanycytes of the hypothalamus, resulting in distinct after-birth metabolic trajectories, matching the pup to the seasonal environment. In Paper Ⅱ, a MPP experiment using Siberian hamsters characterized the molecular signature of the tanycyte layer. Revealing differences in the expression of cilia-related genes and numbers of cilia present in the tanycyte layer related to the photoperiodic history and subsequent metabolic trajectory. In Paper Ⅲ, we developed and refined methods to study hibernation. Finally, in Paper Ⅳ, we characterized the tanycyte layer of adult golden hamsters in response to changes in photoperiod, during hibernation and in the spontaneous emergence from hibernation (refractory state). Here, we also observed a change in cilia-related genes in response to photoperiod and the refractory state. Collectively, the findings presented in this thesis suggest that changes in cilia-related genes and numbers of cilia on tanycytes and, therefore presumably alterations in metabolite signalling via tanycytes, may be a rheostatic mechanism altering metabolic feedback to the hypothalamus allowing an animal to match their metabolic physiology to the environment. | en_US |
dc.description.abstract | I tempererte og polare områder er det store årlige variasjoner i temperatur og mattilgang, som medfører at arter må gjennomføre energikrevende prosesser på fordelaktige tider av året. Sesongmessig tilpasning av fysiologi krever både homeostatisk rejustering (reostase), og en indre kalender. Pattedyr bruker primært endringer i daglengde for å forutse og forberede seg på den kommende årstiden. Daglengden gjenspeiles i kroppen av nattlig utskillelse av melatonin, som via pars tuberalis og tanycytter i hypothalamus, resulterer i sesongmessige metabolske tilpasninger. Derfor er denne avhandlingens overordnede mål å beskrive den molekylære signaturen til tanycyttene gjennom to sesongmessige paradigmer som drastisk endrer metabolisme: daglengdeprogrammert vekst og utvikling (Sibirsk dverghamster, <i>Phodopus Sungorus</i>) og dvale (gullhamster, <i>Mesocricetus auratus</i>). Først oppsummerte vi hva som allerede var kjent om hvordan Sibirsk dverghamster under svangerskapet bruker melatonin til å programmere fosteret sin vekst og utvikling etter fødselen, noe som resulterer i unger med en hurtig utvikling på sommeren og en sakte utvikling på vinteren. Det ble tydelig at tanycyttene er helt sentrale i å sikre et samsvar mellom utviklingsstrategi og årstid (Artikkel Ⅰ). Derfor gen-sekvenserte vi tanycyttene hos Sibirske dverghamstere som både under svangerskapet og tidlig i livet var utsatt for ulike daglengder. Vi avdekket endringer i både gener relatert til cellehårenes funksjon og antall cellehår, som sammenfalt med de to ulike utviklingsstrategiene (Artikkel Ⅱ). Artikkel Ⅲ videreutviklet metodikk for dvaleforskning ved å studere Europeisk hamster (Cricetus cricetus). Til slutt, i Artikkel Ⅳ beskrev vi hvordan tanycytter hos voksne gullhamstere endrer seg med daglengde, dvaleperioden og når de forlater hiet for å reprodusere. Også her ser vi endringer i gener som styrer cellehårenes funksjon og oppbygning. Sett under ett, kan funnene i denne avhandlingen tyde på at en reduksjon i antall cellehår og deres funksjon hos tanycytter er en generell tilpasning hos hamstere for å sette kroppen på sparebluss om vinteren, og dermed sikre et samsvar mellom energiforbruk og energitilgang. | en_US |
dc.description.abstract | Les propriétés géophysiques de la Terre entraînent des changements annuels dans l'irradiation solaire, entraînant des fluctuations saisonnières de la température et de la disponibilité alimentaire. Cela nécessite que les espèces non équatoriales répartissent les processus exigeants en énergie vers des périodes favorables de l’année. La régulation temporelle des fonctions physiologiques nécessite à la fois un réajustement des processus homéostatiques (rhéostasie) et la capacité de suivre les saisons. Les espèces de mammifères utilisent principalement les changements de photopériode (durée du jour) pour permettre d'anticiper les opportunités et demandes saisonnières à venir. La photopériode est représentée en interne par la sécrétion nocturne de mélatonine qui, via la pars tuberalis et les tanycytes du 3ème ventricule de l'hypothalamus, contrôle les adaptations métaboliques saisonnières. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif principal de cette thèse était d’élucider la signature moléculaire des tanycytes dans deux paradigmes saisonniers qui modifient le métabolisme ; la programmation photopériodique maternelle (chez le hamster sibérien, <i>Phodopus sungorus</i>) et l’hibernation (chez le hamster doré, <i>Mesocricetus auratus</i>). Dans l'article Ⅰ, nous passons en revue les processus neuroendocriniens impliqués dans la programmation photopériodique maternelle (PPM). Ici, la photopériode est transmise aux petits rongeurs pendant la gestation, via le signal maternel de mélatonine qui programme les tanycytes de l'hypothalamus. Ceci entraîne des trajectoires métaboliques de la descendance adaptées à l'environnement saisonnier. Dans l'article Ⅱ, une expérience PPM réalisée chez des hamsters de Sibérie a caractérisé la signature moléculaire de la couche de tanycytes, révélant des différences dans l'expression de gènes liés aux cils et dans le nombre de cils présents dans les tanycytes en fonction de l'histoire photopériodique durant la gestation et de la trajectoire métabolique ultérieure. Dans l'article Ⅲ, nous avons développé et affiné des méthodes pour étudier l'hibernation. Enfin, dans l'article Ⅳ, nous avons caractérisé la couche tanycytaire de hamsters dorés adultes en réponse aux changements de photopériode, pendant l'hibernation et lors de la sortie spontanée de l'hibernation (état réfractaire). Ici, nous avons également observé une modification des gènes liés aux cils en réponse à la photopériode et à l'état réfractaire. Collectivement, les résultats présentés dans cette thèse suggèrent que les changements dans l’expression des gènes liés aux cils et dans le nombre de cils sur les tanycytes pourraient, via des altérations dans la signalisation des métabolites, être un mécanisme rhéostatique altérant la régulation métabolique vers l'hypothalamus, permettant à un animal d'adapter sa physiologie métabolique à l'environnement. | en_US |
dc.description.doctoraltype | ph.d. | en_US |
dc.description.popularabstract | As an inhabitant of the sub-arctic, the seasonal changes in daylight and temperature are particularly evident to me. The yearly celebration of the first arriving oystercatcher, the greening of the landscape within a matter of days and the magnificent thrills of the bluethroat are all events marking progression of the seasons. Therefore, perhaps it is not surprising that I wanted to better understand the cellular timing mechanism underpinning these seasonal wonders. Because in Nature, timing is everything. The more extreme environment an animal inhabits, the less margin for error. Throughout this thesis I examine how changes in the function of a specialised brain cell known as the tanycyte, controls the timing of seasonal changes in reproduction, body temperature and feeding. To achieve this, I have used two species of hamsters, that both utilize a metabolic depression strategy to survive the winter.
As a preliminary step, we compiled the existing literature on tanycytes involvement in maternal photoperiod programming. This is a phenomenon where Siberian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) dams relay the daylength, via melatonin, to their pups during gestation. The melatonin duration the pups receives programs their development to match the thermal demands and nutrient availability of the environment. Manifested as a fast growth rate and early pubertal onset in pups born under long summer days, and a slow growth rate and delayed pubertal onset until next spring in winter born pups. The summary of the current knowledge resulted in a mini-review putting tanycytes and their altered sensitivity to metabolic feedback signals at the forefront of the phenomenon (Paper Ⅰ). Therefore, in Paper Ⅱ we RNA profiled the tanycyte-layer of Siberian hamsters being exposed to various daylengths during gestation and development, revealing differences in the expression of cilia-related genes and numbers in relation to metabolic trajectory. The second metabolic depression strategy we studied was hibernation, a seasonally prepared state allowing the expression of torpor and a reduction of energy usage up to 88 %. Paper Ⅲ laid the ground work and tools to study the physiology of hibernation and Paper Ⅳ profiled the tanycytes throughout this seasonal phenomenon. In contrast to Paper Ⅱ, Paper Ⅳ used adult golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) but also showed a decrease in the expression of cilia-related genes in winter adapted hamsters.
Cilia are a sensory “antenna” of the cell, therefore changes in cilia may change how winter-adapted animals sense the energy status of their bodies. Further work is required to test this hypothesis, but this thesis has highlighted that these two seasonally regulated paradigms show similar changes in tanycyte cilia-related gene expression and that this may be a general adaptation contributing to winter survival. | en_US |
dc.description.sponsorship | Tromsø Research Foundation: TFS2016SW
Tromsø Research Foundation: IS3_17_SW
The Research Council of Norway: Overseas research grant
Fonds Paul Mandel pour les recherches en neurosciences: epigenetic calendars
University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Studies fellowship: epigenetic light
UiT The Arctic University of Norway: Arctic seasonal timekeeping initiative (ASTI)
the European Union (ERC, HiTime, 101086671). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European
Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. | en_US |
dc.identifier.isbn | 978-82-8266-280-2 | |
dc.identifier.uri | https://hdl.handle.net/10037/36996 | |
dc.language.iso | eng | en_US |
dc.publisher | UiT The Arctic University of Norway | en_US |
dc.publisher | UiT Norges arktiske universitet | en_US |
dc.relation.haspart | <p>Paper I: van Dalum, J., Melum, V.J., Wood, S.H. & Hazlerigg, D.G. (2020). Maternal photoperiodic programming: Melatonin and seasonal synchronization before birth. <i>Frontiers in Endocrinology, 10</i>, 901. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/17186>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/17186</a>.
<p>Paper II: Melum, V.J., Sáenz de Miera, C., Markussen, F.A.F., Cázarez-Márquez, F., Jaeger, C., Sandve, S.R., Simonneaux, V., Hazlerigg, D.G. & Wood, S.H. (2024). Hypothalamic tanycytes as mediators of maternally programmed seasonal plasticity. <i>Current Biology 34</i>(3), 632-640.e6. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/35128>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/35128</a>.
<p>Paper III: Markussen, F.A.F., Melum, V.J., Bothorel, B., Hazlerigg, D.G., Simonneaux, V. & Wood, S.H. (2021). A refined method to monitor arousal from hibernation in the European hamster. <i>BMC Veterinary Research, 17</i>, 14. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/21746>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/21746</a>.
<p>Paper IV: Melum, V.J., Bothorel, B., Moralia, M.A., Simonneaux, V., Hazlerigg, D.G. & Wood, S.H. Altered fuel utilisation and sensory capacity in tanycytes throughout the hibernation season in the golden hamster. (Accepted manuscript). | en_US |
dc.relation.isbasedon | Data for Paper II: Melum, V., Saenz de Miera, C., Markussen, F., Jaeger, C., Cázarez-Márquez, F., Sandve, S., Simonneaux, V., Hazlerigg, D. & Wood, S. (2023). Replication Data for: Hypothalamic tanycytes as mediators of maternally programmed seasonal plasticity. DataverseNO, V1, <a href=https://doi.org/10.18710/1IHNDD>https://doi.org/10.18710/1IHNDD</a>. | en_US |
dc.relation.isbasedon | Data and code for Paper IV available on GitHub at <a href=https://github.com/ShonaWood/SeasonalTanycytes>https://github.com/ShonaWood/SeasonalTanycytes</a>. | en_US |
dc.relation.projectID | info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/ERC/101086671/EU/Hibernation timing to reveal mechanisms of rheostasis/HiTime/ | en_US |
dc.rights.accessRights | openAccess | en_US |
dc.rights.holder | Copyright 2025 The Author(s) | |
dc.subject | Hibernation | en_US |
dc.subject | Dvale | en_US |
dc.subject | Hamster | en_US |
dc.subject | Chronobiology | en_US |
dc.subject | Kronobiologi | en_US |
dc.subject | Daglengde | en_US |
dc.subject | Photoperiod | en_US |
dc.subject | Tanycyte | en_US |
dc.subject | Sensorcelle | en_US |
dc.subject | Biology | en_US |
dc.title | Rheostasis and timing: A tanycyte-mediated process | en_US |
dc.type | Doctoral thesis | en_US |
dc.type | Doktorgradsavhandling | en_US |