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dc.contributor.authorLund, Eiliv
dc.contributor.authorVineis, Paolo
dc.contributor.authorHoek, Gerald
dc.contributor.authorKrzyzanowski, Michal
dc.contributor.authorVigna-Taglianti, Federica
dc.contributor.authorVeglia, Fabrizio
dc.contributor.authorAiroldi, Luisa
dc.contributor.authorRaaschou-Nielsen, Ole
dc.contributor.authorClavel-Chapelon, Francoise
dc.contributor.authorLinseisen, Jacob
dc.contributor.authorBoeing, Heiner
dc.contributor.authorTrichopoulou, Antonia
dc.contributor.authorPalli, Domenico
dc.contributor.authorKrogh, Vittorio
dc.contributor.authorTumino, Rosario
dc.contributor.authorPanico, Salvatore
dc.contributor.authorBueno-de-Mesquita, H. Bas
dc.contributor.authorPeeters, Petra H.
dc.contributor.authorAgudo, Antonio
dc.contributor.authorMartinez, Carmen
dc.contributor.authorDorronsoro, Miren
dc.contributor.authorBarricarte, Aurelio
dc.contributor.authorCirera, Lluis
dc.contributor.authorQuiros, J Ramon
dc.contributor.authorBerglund, Gøran
dc.contributor.authorManjer, Jonas
dc.contributor.authorForsberg, Bertil
dc.contributor.authorDay, Nicholas E.
dc.contributor.authorKey, Tim J.
dc.contributor.authorKaaks, Rudolf
dc.contributor.authorSaracci, Rodolfo
dc.contributor.authorRiboli, Elio
dc.date.accessioned2007-12-19T11:40:50Z
dc.date.available2007-12-19T11:40:50Z
dc.date.issued2007-02-15
dc.description.abstractBackground: Several countries are discussing new legislation on the ban of smoking in public places, and on the acceptable levels of traffic-related air pollutants. It is therefore useful to estimate the burden of disease associated with indoor and outdoor air pollution. Methods: We have estimated exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) and to air pollution in never smokers and ex-smokers in a large prospective study in 10 European countries (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition)(N = 520,000). We report estimates of the proportion of lung cancers attributable to ETS and air pollution in this population. Results: The proportion of lung cancers in never- and ex-smokers attributable to ETS was estimated as between 16 and 24%, mainly due to the contribution of work-related exposure. We have also estimated that 5–7% of lung cancers in European never smokers and ex-smokers are attributable to high levels of air pollution, as expressed by NO2 or proximity to heavy traffic roads. NO2 is the expression of a mixture of combustion (traffic-related) particles and gases, and is also related to power plants and waste incinerator emissions. Discussion: We have estimated risks of lung cancer attributable to ETS and traffic-related air pollution in a large prospective study in Europe. Information bias can be ruled out due to the prospective design, and we have thoroughly controlled for potential confounders, including restriction to never smokers and long-term ex-smokers. Concerning traffic-related air pollution, the thresholds for indicators of exposure we have used are rather strict, i.e. they correspond to the high levels of exposure that characterize mainly Southern European countries (levels of NO2 in Denmark and Sweden are closer to 10–20 ug/m3, whereas levels in Italy are around 30 or 40, or higher). Therefore, further reduction in exposure levels below 30 ug/m3 would correspond to additional lung cancer cases prevented, and our estimate of 5–7% is likely to be an underestimate. Overall, our prospective study draws attention to the need for strict legislation concerning the quality of air in Europe.en
dc.format.extent263432 bytes
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdf
dc.identifier.citationEnvironmental Health 6(2007) article no 7en
dc.identifier.doidoi:10.1186/1476-069X-6-7
dc.identifier.issn1476-069X
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/1259
dc.identifier.urnURN:NBN:no-uit_munin_1074
dc.language.isoengen
dc.publisherBioMed Centralen
dc.rights.accessRightsopenAccess
dc.subjectVDP::Medical disciplines: 700::Health sciences: 800::Community medicine, Social medicine: 801en
dc.titleLung cancers attributable to environmental tobacco smoke and air pollution in non-smokers in different European countries : a prospective studyen
dc.typeJournal articleen
dc.typeTidsskriftartikkelen
dc.typePeer revieweden


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