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dc.contributor.authorPilz, Stefan
dc.contributor.authorMärz, Winfried
dc.contributor.authorCashman, Kevin D
dc.contributor.authorKiely, Mairead
dc.contributor.authorWhiting, Susan J
dc.contributor.authorHolick, Michael F.
dc.contributor.authorGrant, William B
dc.contributor.authorPludowski, Pawel
dc.contributor.authorHiligsmann, Mickaël
dc.contributor.authorTrummer, Christian
dc.contributor.authorSchwetz, Verena
dc.contributor.authorLerchbaum, Elisabeth
dc.contributor.authorPandis, Marlene
dc.contributor.authorTomaschitz, Andreas
dc.contributor.authorGrübler, Martin
dc.contributor.authorGaksch, Martin
dc.contributor.authorVerheyen, Nicolas
dc.contributor.authorHollis, Bruce W
dc.contributor.authorRejnmark, Lars
dc.contributor.authorKarras, Spyridon N.
dc.contributor.authorHahn, Andreas
dc.contributor.authorBischoff-Ferrari, Heike Annette
dc.contributor.authorReichrath, Jörg
dc.contributor.authorJorde, Rolf
dc.contributor.authorElmadfa, Ibrahim
dc.contributor.authorVieth, Reinhold
dc.contributor.authorScragg, Robert
dc.contributor.authorCalvo, Mona S
dc.contributor.authorVan Schoor, Natasja M
dc.contributor.authorBouillon, Roger
dc.contributor.authorLips, Paul
dc.contributor.authorItkonen, Suvi T
dc.contributor.authorMartineau, Adrian R
dc.contributor.authorLamberg-Allardt, Christel
dc.contributor.authorZittermann, Armin
dc.date.accessioned2019-03-12T13:01:35Z
dc.date.available2019-03-12T13:01:35Z
dc.date.issued2018-07-17
dc.description.abstractVitamin D deficiency can lead to musculoskeletal diseases such as rickets and osteomalacia, but vitamin D supplementation may also prevent extraskeletal diseases such as respiratory tract infections, asthma exacerbations, pregnancy complications and premature deaths. Vitamin D has a unique metabolism as it is mainly obtained through synthesis in the skin under the influence of sunlight (i.e., ultraviolet-B radiation) whereas intake by nutrition traditionally plays a relatively minor role. Dietary guidelines for vitamin D are based on a consensus that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations are used to assess vitamin D status, with the recommended target concentrations ranging from ≥25 to ≥50 nmol/L (≥10–≥20 ng/mL), corresponding to a daily vitamin D intake of 10 to 20 μg (400–800 international units). Most populations fail to meet these recommended dietary vitamin D requirements. In Europe, 25(OH)D concentrations <30 nmol/L (12 ng/mL) and <50 nmol/L (20 ng/mL) are present in 13.0 and 40.4% of the general population, respectively. This substantial gap between officially recommended dietary reference intakes for vitamin D and the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the general population requires action from health authorities. Promotion of a healthier lifestyle with more outdoor activities and optimal nutrition are definitely warranted but will not erase vitamin D deficiency and must, in the case of sunlight exposure, be well balanced with regard to potential adverse effects such as skin cancer. Intake of vitamin D supplements is limited by relatively poor adherence (in particular in individuals with low-socioeconomic status) and potential for overdosing. Systematic vitamin D food fortification is, however, an effective approach to improve vitamin D status in the general population, and this has already been introduced by countries such as the US, Canada, India, and Finland. Recent advances in our knowledge on the safety of vitamin D treatment, the dose-response relationship of vitamin D intake and 25(OH)D levels, as well as data on the effectiveness of vitamin D fortification in countries such as Finland provide a solid basis to introduce and modify vitamin D food fortification in order to improve public health with this likewise cost-effective approach.en_US
dc.descriptionThe following article, Pilz, S., März, W., Cashman, K.D., Kiely, M., Whiting, S.J., Holick, M.F., ... Zittermann, A. (2018). Rationale and plan for vitamin D food fortification: A review and guidance paper. <i>Frontiers in Endocrinology, 9</i>, can be accessed at <a href=https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00373> https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00373</a>.en_US
dc.identifier.citationPilz, S., März, W., Cashman, K.D., Kiely, M., Whiting, S.J., Holick, M.F., ... Zittermann, A. (2018). Rationale and plan for vitamin D food fortification: A review and guidance paper. <i>Frontiers in Endocrinology, 9</i>. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00373en_US
dc.identifier.cristinIDFRIDAID 1628396
dc.identifier.doi10.3389/fendo.2018.00373
dc.identifier.issn1664-2392
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/14952
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherFrontiers Mediaen_US
dc.relation.journalFrontiers in Endocrinology
dc.rights.accessRightsopenAccessen_US
dc.subjectVDP::Medical disciplines: 700::Clinical medical disciplines: 750::Endocrinology: 774en_US
dc.subjectVDP::Medisinske Fag: 700::Klinisk medisinske fag: 750::Endokrinologi: 774en_US
dc.subjectvitamin Den_US
dc.subjectpublic healthen_US
dc.subjectfood fortificationen_US
dc.subjectgeneral populationen_US
dc.subjectguidelinesen_US
dc.subjectevidenceen_US
dc.subjectrecommendationsen_US
dc.subjectpolicyen_US
dc.titleRationale and plan for vitamin D food fortification: A review and guidance paperen_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.typeTidsskriftartikkelen_US
dc.typePeer revieweden_US


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