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dc.contributor.authorTuri, Zsolt
dc.contributor.authorCsifcsak, Gabor
dc.contributor.authorBoayue, Nya Mehnwolo
dc.contributor.authorAslaksen, Per M
dc.contributor.authorAntal, Andrea
dc.contributor.authorPaulus, Walter
dc.contributor.authorGroot, Josephine
dc.contributor.authorHawkins, Guy E.
dc.contributor.authorOpitz, Alexander
dc.contributor.authorThielscher, Axel
dc.contributor.authorMittner, Matthias
dc.date.accessioned2019-09-16T11:54:25Z
dc.date.available2019-09-16T11:54:25Z
dc.date.issued2019-03-19
dc.description.abstractTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non‐invasive brain stimulation method that is frequently used to study cortical excitability changes and their impact on cognitive functions in humans. While most stimulators are capable of operating in double‐blind mode, the amount of discomfort experienced during tDCS may break blinding. Therefore, specifically designed sham stimulation protocols are being used. The “fade‐in, short‐stimulation, fade‐out” (FSF) protocol has been used in hundreds of studies and is commonly believed to be indistinguishable from real stimulation applied at 1 mA for 20 min. We analysed subjective reports of 192 volunteers, who either received real tDCS (n = 96) or FSF tDCS (n = 96). Participants reported more discomfort for real tDCS and correctly guessed the condition above chance‐level. These findings indicate that FSF does not ensure complete blinding and that better active sham protocols are needed.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipResearch Program, University Medical Center, University of Goettingen Lundbeckfonden Novo Nordisk Fonden Northern Norway Regional Health Authorityen_US
dc.descriptionThis is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: Turi, Z., Csifcsak, G., Boayue, N.M., Aslaksen, P., Antal, A., Paulus, W., ... Mittner, M. (2019). Blinding is compromised for transcranial direct current stimulation at 1 mA for 20 min in young healthy adults. <i>European Journal of Neuroscience</i>, which has been published in final form at <a href=https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.14403>https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.14403</a>. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with <a href=https://authorservices.wiley.com/author-resources/Journal-Authors/licensing/self-archiving.html>Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions</a>.en_US
dc.identifier.citationTuri, Z., Csifcsak, G., Boayue, N.M., Aslaksen, P., Antal, A., Paulus, W., ... Mittner, M. (2019). Blinding is compromised for transcranial direct current stimulation at 1 mA for 20 min in young healthy adults. <i>European Journal of Neuroscience</i>. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.14403en_US
dc.identifier.cristinIDFRIDAID 1699927
dc.identifier.issn0953-816X
dc.identifier.issn1460-9568
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/16203
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherWileyen_US
dc.relation.isbasedonThe raw data and all reported analyses are available for download at our <a href=https://github.com/ihrke/2018_tdcs_blinding>Github repository</a>. Materials used for this study are available at our <a href=https://osf.io/bv32d/>OSF repository</a>.en_US
dc.relation.journalEuropean Journal of Neuroscience
dc.rights.accessRightsopenAccessen_US
dc.subjectVDP::Medical disciplines: 700::Clinical medical disciplines: 750::Neurology: 752en_US
dc.subjectVDP::Medisinske Fag: 700::Klinisk medisinske fag: 750::Nevrologi: 752en_US
dc.subjectactive sham tDCSen_US
dc.subjectblindingen_US
dc.subjectdouble‐blindingen_US
dc.subjectplaceboen_US
dc.subjecttranscranial direct current stimulationen_US
dc.titleBlinding is compromised for transcranial direct current stimulation at 1 mA for 20 min in young healthy adultsen_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.typeTidsskriftartikkelen_US
dc.typePeer revieweden_US


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