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dc.contributor.authorBøgwald, Jarl
dc.contributor.authorDalmo, Roy Ambli
dc.date.accessioned2020-01-03T10:13:10Z
dc.date.available2020-01-03T10:13:10Z
dc.date.issued2019-11-29
dc.description.abstractImmersion vaccines are used for a variety of aquacultured fish to protect against infectious diseases caused by bacteria and viruses. During immersion vaccination the antigens are taken up by the skin, gills or gut and processed by the immune system, where the resulting response may lead to protection. The lack of classical secondary responses following repeated immersion vaccination may partly be explained by the limited uptake of antigens by immersion compared to injection. Administration of vaccines depends on the size of the fish. In most cases, immersion vaccination is inferior to injection vaccination with regard to achieved protection. However, injection is problematic in small fish, and fry as small as 0.5 gram may be immersion vaccinated when they are considered adaptively immunocompetent. Inactivated vaccines are, in many cases, weakly immunogenic, resulting in low protection after immersion vaccination. Therefore, during recent years, several studies have focused on different ways to augment the efficacy of these vaccines. Examples are booster vaccination, administration of immunostimulants/adjuvants, pretreatment with low frequency ultrasound, use of live attenuated and DNA vaccines, preincubation in hyperosmotic solutions, percutaneous application of a multiple puncture instrument and application of more suitable inactivation chemicals. Electrostatic coating with positively charged chitosan to obtain mucoadhesive vaccines and a more efficient delivery of inactivated vaccines has also been successful.en_US
dc.identifier.citationBøgwald J, Dalmo RA. Review on Immersion Vaccines for Fish: An Update 2019. Microorganisms. 2019;7(12)en_US
dc.identifier.cristinIDFRIDAID 1765129
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7120627
dc.identifier.issn2076-2607
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/17012
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherMDPIen_US
dc.relation.journalMicroorganisms
dc.relation.projectIDNFR/Research Council of Norway/grants 237315 and 239140en_US
dc.relation.projectIDinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/RCN/HAVBRUK2 /237315/Norway/Fish Virus Vaccines/ViVaFish/en_US
dc.relation.projectIDinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/RCN/NANO2021/239140/Norway/Nanoparticle encapsulation of plant-based vaccine against piscine reovirus infection in salmon//en_US
dc.rights.accessRightsopenAccessen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2019 The Author(s)en_US
dc.subjectVDP::Agriculture and fishery disciplines: 900::Fisheries science: 920::Fish health: 923en_US
dc.subjectVDP::Landbruks- og Fiskerifag: 900::Fiskerifag: 920::Fiskehelse: 923en_US
dc.titleReview on Immersion Vaccines for Fish: An Update 2019en_US
dc.type.versionpublishedVersionen_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.typeTidsskriftartikkelen_US
dc.typePeer revieweden_US


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