Study of waveguide background at visible wavelengths for on-chip nanoscopy

Abstract

On-chip super-resolution optical microscopy is an emerging field relying on waveguide excitation with visible light. Here, we investigate two commonly used high-refractive index waveguide platforms, tantalum pentoxide (Ta₂O₅) and silicon nitride (Si₃N₄), with respect to their background with excitation in the range 488–640 nm. The background strength from these waveguides were estimated by imaging fluorescent beads. The spectral dependence of the background from these waveguide platforms was also measured. For 640 nm wavelength excitation both the materials had a weak background, but the background increases progressively for shorter wavelengths for Si₃N₄. We further explored the effect of the waveguide background on localization precision of single molecule localization for <i>direct</i> stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (<i>d</i>STORM). An increase in background for Si₃N₄ at 488 nm is shown to reduce the localization precision and thus the resolution of the reconstructed images. The localization precision at 640nm was very similar for both the materials. Thus, for shorter wavelength applications Ta₂O₅ is preferable. Reducing the background from Si₃N₄ at shorter wavelengths via improved fabrication will be worth pursuing.