Personality characteristics and vulnerability to depression : a cross-sectional and longitudinal perspective
Permanent link
https://hdl.handle.net/10037/2454Date
2009-12-04Type
Doctoral thesisDoktorgradsavhandling
Author
Halvorsen, MarianneAbstract
Depression is a serious disorder due to its highly relapsing and recurrent course, thereby highlighting the necessity to identify vulnerability factors in order to prevent and treat its course. The present thesis investigated temperament and character traits, dysfunctional attitudes, and early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) in clinically depressed (CDs), previously
depressed (PDs), and never depressed controls (NDs). In a cross-sectional study, we found that CDs and PDs differed significantly on EMSs, temperament and character traits compared to NDs, indicating the presence of maladaptive personality characteristics in these two clinical groups. Furthermore, the EMSs showed a moderate overlap with some temperament and character traits. In a longitudinal study, groups of CDs, PDs, and NDs were followed up nine years later. The findings indicated: (1) a moderate overlap between EMSs and dysfunctional attitudes in the index study at Time 1; (2) moderate-to-high testretest
correlations for the dysfunctional attitude scales and half of the EMS scales after
controlling for depression severity at both time points; (3) stability in mean scores for
Performance Evaluation and two-thirds of the EMS scales also after excluding currently
depressed subjects at Time 2; (4) some stability of depressive symptoms; (5) a majority of CDs and PDs suffered a recurrent depression over nine years; and finally, (6) EMS scales emerged as significant predictors of concurrent depression severity in the index study and of depression severity and episodes of Major Depression over the nine-year follow-up period. Our findings suggest that EMSs should be considered in further studies as vulnerability markers for depression. Depresjon er en alvorlig lidelse grunnet hyppig tilbakefall. Derfor er det viktig å vektlegge betydningen av å identifisere sårbarhetsfaktorer i forebyggings- og behandlingsøyemed. Avhandlingen undersøkte temperaments- og karaktertrekk, dysfunksjonelle holdninger og ”tidlige mistilpasningsskjemaer” hos klinisk deprimerte (KD), tidligere deprimerte (TD) og
aldri deprimerte (AD) kontrollindivider. I en tverrsnittstudie fant vi at KD og TD hadde
signifikant forskjellige skårer på ”tidlige mistilpasningsskjemaer”, temperaments- og
karaktertrekk sammenlignet med AD. Funnene indikerte således tilstedeværelse av
uhensiktsmessige personlighetskarakteristika i de to kliniske gruppene. ”Tidlige
mistilpasningsskjemaer” viste også et moderat begrepsmessig overlapp med temperamentsog karaktertrekk. I en longitudinell studie ble grupper av KD, TD og AD fulgt opp etter ni år. Funnene viste følgende: (1) moderat begrepsmessig overlapp mellom ”tidlige mistilpasningsskjemaer” og dysfunksjonelle holdninger i startstudien (Tidspunkt 1); (2) moderate til høye test-retest korrelasjoner for dysfunksjonelle holdningsskalaer og
halvparten av ”tidlige mistilpasningsskalaer” ved kontroll av depresjonsgrad ved begge tidspunkter; (3) stabilitet i gjennomsnittskårer for ”Evalueringsutførelse” (Performance
Evaluation) og totredjedeler av ”tidlige mistilpasningsskalaer” også etter eksklusjon av deprimerte individer ved Tidspunkt 2; (4) noe stabilitet i depressive symptomer; (5)
flertallet av KD og TD erfarte tilbakevendende depresjon over de ni årene; og til slutt (6) ”tidlige mistilpasningsskalaer” fremkom som signifikante prediktorer av depresjonsgrad i
startstudien og depresjonsgrad og depressive episoder ni år senere. Funnene viser at ”tidlige mistilpasningsskjemaer” bør vurderes i fremtidige studier som mulige sårbarhetsmarkører for depresjon.
Description
The papers of the thesis are not available in Munin:
1. Halvorsen, M., Wang, C.E., Richter, J., Myrland, I., Pedersen, S.K., Eisemann, M., & Waterloo, K. (2009): 'Early maladaptive schemas, temperament and character traits in clinically depressed and previously depressed subjects', Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, Volume 16 Issue 5, 394-407 (Wiley - publisher's restrictions). Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpp.618
2. Wang, C.E.A., Halvorsen, M., Eisemann, M., & Waterloo, K.: 'Stability of Dysfunctional Attitudes and Early Maladaptive Schemas: A 9-Year Follow-up Study of Clinically Depressed Individuals' (manuscript). Later published: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 41 (2010) 389-396, available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.04.002
3. Halvorsen, M., Wang, C.E., Eisemann, M., & Waterloo, K. (2009): 'Dysfunctional Attitudes and Early Maladaptive Schemas as Predictors of Depression: A 9-Year Follow-up Study', Cognitive Therapy and Research (2010) 34:368–379. (Springer - publisher's restrictions). Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9259-5
1. Halvorsen, M., Wang, C.E., Richter, J., Myrland, I., Pedersen, S.K., Eisemann, M., & Waterloo, K. (2009): 'Early maladaptive schemas, temperament and character traits in clinically depressed and previously depressed subjects', Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, Volume 16 Issue 5, 394-407 (Wiley - publisher's restrictions). Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpp.618
2. Wang, C.E.A., Halvorsen, M., Eisemann, M., & Waterloo, K.: 'Stability of Dysfunctional Attitudes and Early Maladaptive Schemas: A 9-Year Follow-up Study of Clinically Depressed Individuals' (manuscript). Later published: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 41 (2010) 389-396, available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.04.002
3. Halvorsen, M., Wang, C.E., Eisemann, M., & Waterloo, K. (2009): 'Dysfunctional Attitudes and Early Maladaptive Schemas as Predictors of Depression: A 9-Year Follow-up Study', Cognitive Therapy and Research (2010) 34:368–379. (Springer - publisher's restrictions). Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9259-5
Publisher
Universitetet i TromsøUniversity of Tromsø
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