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dc.contributor.authorRabault, Jean
dc.contributor.authorNose, Takehiko
dc.contributor.authorHope, Gaute
dc.contributor.authorMüller, Malte
dc.contributor.authorBreivik, Øyvind
dc.contributor.authorVoermans, Joey
dc.contributor.authorHole, Lars Robert
dc.contributor.authorBohlinger, Patrik
dc.contributor.authorWaseda, Takuji
dc.contributor.authorKodaira, Tsubasa
dc.contributor.authorKatsuno, Tomotaka
dc.contributor.authorJohnson, Mark
dc.contributor.authorSutherland, Graig
dc.contributor.authorJohansson, Anna Malin Kristin
dc.contributor.authorChristensen, Kai Haakon
dc.contributor.authorGarbo, Adam
dc.contributor.authorJensen, Atle
dc.contributor.authorGundersen, Olav
dc.contributor.authorMarchenko, Aleksey
dc.contributor.authorBabanin, Alexander
dc.date.accessioned2022-03-25T13:59:07Z
dc.date.available2022-03-25T13:59:07Z
dc.date.issued2022-02-26
dc.description.abstractThere is a wide consensus within the polar science, meteorology, and oceanography communities that more in situ observations of the ocean, atmosphere, and sea ice are required to further improve operational forecasting model skills. Traditionally, the volume of such measurements has been limited by the high cost of commercially available instruments. An increasingly attractive solution to this cost issue is to use instruments produced in-house from open-source hardware, firmware, and postprocessing building blocks. In the present work, we release the next iteration of the open-source drifter and wave-monitoring instrument of Rabault et al. (see “An open source, versatile, affordable waves in ice instrument for scientific measurements in the Polar Regions”, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2020), which follows these solution aspects. The new design is significantly less expensive (typically by a factor of 5 compared with our previous, already cost-effective instrument), much easier to build and assemble for people without specific microelectronics and programming competence, more easily extendable and customizable, and two orders of magnitude more power-efficient (to the point where solar panels are no longer needed even for long-term deployments). Improving performance and reducing noise levels and costs compared with our previous generation of instruments is possible in large part thanks to progress from the electronics component industry. As a result, we believe that this will allow scientists in geosciences to increase by an order of magnitude the amount of in situ data they can collect under a constant instrumentation budget. In the following, we offer (1) a detailed overview of our hardware and software solution, (2) in situ validation and benchmarking of our instrument, (3) a fully open-source release of both hardware and software blueprints. We hope that this work, and the associated open-source release, will be a milestone that will allow our scientific fields to transition towards open-source, community-driven instrumentation. We believe that this could have a considerable impact on many fields by making in situ instrumentation at least an order of magnitude less expensive and more customizable than it has been for the last 50 years, marking the start of a new paradigm in oceanography and polar science, where instrumentation is an inexpensive commodity and in situ data are easier and less expensive to collect.en_US
dc.identifier.citationRabault, J.; Nose, T.; Hope, G.; Müller, M.; Breivik, Ø.; Voermans, J.; Hole, L.R.; Bohlinger, P.; Waseda, T.; Kodaira, T.; et al. OpenMetBuoy-v2021: An Easy-to-Build, Affordable, Customizable, Open-Source Instrument for Oceanographic Measurements of Drift and Waves in Sea Ice and the Open Ocean. Geosciences 2022, 12, 110.en_US
dc.identifier.cristinIDFRIDAID 2005841
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12030110
dc.identifier.issn2076-3263
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/24574
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherMDPIen_US
dc.relation.journalGeosciences
dc.rights.accessRightsopenAccessen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2022 The Author(s)en_US
dc.titleOpenMetBuoy-v2021: An Easy-to-Build, Affordable, Customizable, Open-Source Instrument for Oceanographic Measurements of Drift and Waves in Sea Ice and the Open Oceanen_US
dc.type.versionpublishedVersionen_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.typeTidsskriftartikkelen_US
dc.typePeer revieweden_US


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