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dc.contributor.authorLembrechts, Jonas J.
dc.contributor.authorvan den Hoogen, Johan
dc.contributor.authorAalto, Juha
dc.contributor.authorAshcroft, Michael B.
dc.contributor.authorde Frenne, Pieter
dc.contributor.authorKemppinen, Julia
dc.contributor.authorKopecký, Martin
dc.contributor.authorLuoto, Miska
dc.contributor.authorMaclean, Ilya M. D.
dc.contributor.authorCrowther, Thomas W.
dc.contributor.authorBailey, Joseph J.
dc.contributor.authorHaesen, Stef
dc.contributor.authorKlinges, David H.
dc.contributor.authorNiittynen, Pekka
dc.contributor.authorScheffers, Brett R.
dc.contributor.authorVan Meerbeek, Koenraad
dc.contributor.authorAartsma, Peter
dc.contributor.authorAbdalaze, Otar
dc.contributor.authorAbedi, Mehdi
dc.contributor.authorAerts, Rien
dc.contributor.authorAhmadian, Negar
dc.contributor.authorAhrends, Antje
dc.contributor.authorAlatalo, Juha M.
dc.contributor.authorAlexander, Jake M.
dc.contributor.authorAllonsius, Camille Nina
dc.contributor.authorAltman, Jan
dc.contributor.authorAmmann, Christof
dc.contributor.authorAndres, Christian
dc.contributor.authorAndrews, Christopher
dc.contributor.authorArdö, Jonas
dc.contributor.authorArriga, Nicola
dc.contributor.authorArzac, Alberto
dc.contributor.authorAschero, Valeria
dc.contributor.authorLeandro de Assis, Rafael
dc.contributor.authorBarančok, Peter
dc.contributor.authorBarrio, Isabel C
dc.contributor.authorBarros, Agustina
dc.contributor.authorLenoir, Jonathan
dc.contributor.authorAssmann, Jakob Johann
dc.contributor.authorBader, Maaike Y.
dc.contributor.authorBahalkeh, Khadijeh
dc.contributor.authorBasham, Edmund W.
dc.contributor.authorBauters, Marijn
dc.contributor.authorBazzichetto, Manuele
dc.contributor.authorMarchesini, Luca Belelli
dc.contributor.authorBell, Michael C.
dc.contributor.authorBenavides, Juan C.
dc.contributor.authorAlonso, José Luis Benito
dc.contributor.authorBerauer, Bernd J.
dc.contributor.authorBjerke, Jarle W.
dc.contributor.authorBjörk, Robert G.
dc.contributor.authorBjörkman, Mats P.
dc.contributor.authorBjörnsdóttir, Katrin
dc.contributor.authorBlonder, Benjamin
dc.contributor.authorBoeckx, Pascal
dc.contributor.authorBoike, Julia
dc.contributor.authorBokhorst, Stef
dc.contributor.authorBrum, Bárbara N.S.
dc.contributor.authorBrůna, Josef
dc.contributor.authorBuchmann, Nina
dc.contributor.authorBuysse, Pauline
dc.contributor.authorCamargo, José Luís
dc.contributor.authorCampoe, Otávio C.
dc.contributor.authorCandan, Onur
dc.contributor.authorCanessa, Rafaella
dc.contributor.authorCannone, Nicoletta
dc.contributor.authorCarbognani, Michele
dc.contributor.authorCarnicer, Jofre
dc.contributor.authorCasanova-Katny, Angélica
dc.contributor.authorCesarz, Simone
dc.contributor.authorChojnicki, Bogdan
dc.contributor.authorCholer, Philippe
dc.contributor.authorChown, Steven L.
dc.contributor.authorCifuentes, Edgar F.
dc.contributor.authorČiliak, Marek
dc.contributor.authorContador, Tamara
dc.contributor.authorConvey, Peter
dc.contributor.authorCooper, Elisabeth
dc.date.accessioned2023-01-23T14:17:21Z
dc.date.available2023-01-23T14:17:21Z
dc.date.issued2021-12-29
dc.description.abstractResearch in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.en_US
dc.identifier.citationLembrechts, van den Hoogen, Aalto, Ashcroft, de Frenne, Kemppinen, Kopecký, Luoto, Maclean, Crowther, Bailey, Haesen, Klinges, Niittynen, Scheffers, Van Meerbeek, Aartsma, Abdalaze, Abedi, Aerts, Ahmadian, Ahrends, Alatalo, Alexander, Allonsius, Altman, Ammann, Andres, Andrews, Ardö, Arriga, Arzac, Aschero, Leandro de Assis, Barančok, Barrio, Barros, Lenoir. Global maps of soil temperature. Global Change Biology. 2022en_US
dc.identifier.cristinIDFRIDAID 2105978
dc.identifier.doi10.1111/gcb.16060
dc.identifier.issn1354-1013
dc.identifier.issn1365-2486
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/28344
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherWileyen_US
dc.relation.journalGlobal Change Biology
dc.rights.accessRightsopenAccessen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2022 The Author(s)en_US
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0en_US
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)en_US
dc.titleGlobal maps of soil temperatureen_US
dc.type.versionpublishedVersionen_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.typeTidsskriftartikkelen_US
dc.typePeer revieweden_US


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Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Except where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)