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dc.contributor.authorHelmersen, Sondre Torp
dc.date.accessioned2023-02-15T12:14:32Z
dc.date.available2023-02-15T12:14:32Z
dc.date.issued2022-02-07
dc.description.abstractThis article examines when states are allowed to use force against neutral merchant ships outside territorial waters. This is regulated by both international humanitarian law and the prohibition of the use of force, which apply concurrently to naval warfare. The prohibition of the use of force imposes narrower limits than international humanitarian law, in the sense that certain actions that have traditionally been permitted under international humanitarian law are contrary to the prohibition of the use of force. The prohibition of the use of force exempts uses of force based on UN Security Council resolutions, consent and self-defence. Where there is no UN Security Council resolution or consent, self-defence remains the only option, and self-defence does not give a right to direct the use of force towards third states or their ships. Therefore, the right to self-defence does not permit blockades outside territorial waters or visit and search operations that are not founded on specific suspicions against individual ships, even though such operations may be permitted under international humanitarian law. These conclusions are supported by an examination of state practice and opinio juris, where the few relevant instances that do exist have met with widespread protests from other states.en_US
dc.identifier.citationHelmersen ST. The use of force against neutral ships outside territorial waters. Leiden Journal of International Law. 2022;35(2):315-335en_US
dc.identifier.cristinIDFRIDAID 2021403
dc.identifier.doi10.1017/S092215652200005X
dc.identifier.issn0922-1565
dc.identifier.issn1478-9698
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/28564
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherCambridge University Pressen_US
dc.relation.journalLeiden Journal of International Law
dc.relation.urihttps://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/leiden-journal-of-international-law/article/use-of-force-against-neutral-ships-outside-territorial-waters/56CF204865927A59302B21DCB66D9428
dc.rights.accessRightsopenAccessen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2022 The Author(s)en_US
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0en_US
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)en_US
dc.titleThe use of force against neutral ships outside territorial watersen_US
dc.type.versionpublishedVersionen_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.typeTidsskriftartikkelen_US
dc.typePeer revieweden_US


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Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Except where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)