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dc.contributor.advisorMykletun, Arnstein
dc.contributor.authorWittlund, Sina Marion
dc.date.accessioned2024-03-13T09:03:46Z
dc.date.available2024-03-13T09:03:46Z
dc.date.issued2024-04-11
dc.description.abstract<p><i>Background:</i> Despite Norway's high living standards and robust welfare system, a paradox exists concerning its young working-age adults - low unemployment but high and increasing uptake of health-related welfare benefits, mainly due to mental health problems. My study investigates the relationship between Norway's welfare system, young adults' reliance on health-related benefits, social health determinants, mental health, employment, and vocational rehabilitation, particularly the evidenced-based Individual Placement and Support (IPS) approach. It reflects on three decades of economic changes, the consequences of welfare reform and the effect of IPS implemented as a cross-sectoral collaboration at the municipality level. <p><i>Aims:</i> My overarching aim is to investigate the different factors influencing young adults' transitions into health-related welfare dependency, the effect of major welfare reform on the uptake of health-related benefits, and the societal impact of IPS implementation on competitive employment. It seeks to inform policy-making better to serve young adults in Norway. <p><i>Method:</i> Utilising Norwegian register data I conducted longitudinal, comparative analyses across multiple cohorts. Sequence and cluster analyses identify typical health-related benefit trajectories among young adults in Norway. A difference-in-differences method estimates the causal effect of IPS implementation on employment (work days per year) among young adults on a health-related rehabilitation benefit, the Work Assessment Allowance (WAA). <p><i>Findings:</i> Most young adults receiving health-related benefits are early school leavers with weak labour market attachment. After the welfare reform, this group saw a substantial rise in long-term health-related benefit dependency. IPS had a significant positive effect on the number of days young adults receiving the WAA worked per year. <p><i>Conclusion(s):</i> Current Norwegian policy does not adequately address the needs of young adults with low educational attainment, weak labour market attachment and mental health problems. There is a need for a shift in policy towards cross-sectoral collaboration, integrating evidenced-based vocational rehabilitation approaches such as IPS.en_US
dc.description.abstract<p><i>Bakgrunn:</i> Norge, som er kjent for sine gode og omfattende velferdsordninger, har et paradoks i forhold til unge voksne i yrkesaktiv alder - lav arbeidsledighet, men økende helserelatert trygdeavhengighet, hovedsakelig forårsaket av psykiske helseproblemer. Studien min utforsker forholdet mellom det norske velferdssystemet, unge voksnes avhengighet av helserelaterte trygdeytelser, sosiale helsedeterminanter, psykisk helse, arbeidsmarkedsdeltakelse og yrkesrettet rehabilitering, spesielt Individuell Jobbstøtte (IPS) blant unge voksne i Norge. I studien reflekteres tre tiår med økonomiske endringer, konsekvenser av en velferdsreform og samfunnsnivå-effekten av implementering av IPS. <p><i>Mål:</i> Det overordnede målet er å analysere de ulike faktorene som påvirker unge voksnes overganger til helserelatert trygdeavhengighet, effekten av en stor velferdsreform på bruk av helserelaterte trygdeytelser, og den samfunnsmessige effekten av IPS-tilnærmingen. Jeg vil bidra til en dypere forståelse av livsløpet som fører til at unge voksne blir avhengige av helserelaterte trygdeytelser, og mulige tiltak for å motvirke dette. Målet er å bidra til utvikling av politikk og praksis for bedre å imøtekomme behovene til unge voksne i den norske velferdsstaten. <p><i>Metode:</i> Jeg benyttet norske registerdata til å gjennomføre longitudinelle, komparative analyser på tvers av flere kohorter. Sekvens- og klyngeanalyser identifiserer typiske uføretrygd- og helserelaterte rehabiliteringsforløp blant unge voksne i Norge. En forskjell-i-forskjell-metode estimerer den kausale effekten av IPS-implementering på sysselsettingsutfall blant denne gruppen. <p><i>Hovedfunn:</i> De fleste unge voksne som mottar helserelaterte trygdeytelser har svak tilknytning til arbeidsmarkedet. Etter velferdsreformen har det vært en betydelig økning i langvarig helserelatert trygdeavhengighet. Implementeringen av IPS hadde en signifikant positiv effekt på sysselsettingsutfallene (økte antall arbeidsdager per år) blant unge voksne på den helserelaterte rehabiliteringsytelsen, arbeidsavklaringspenger. <p><i>Konklusjon(er):</i> Dagens norske politikk ivaretar ikke behovene til unge voksne med svak arbeidsmarkedstilknytning og psykiske helseproblemer. Det er behov for en omlegging av politikken i retning av tverrsektorielt samarbeid som integrerer individtilpassede arbeidsrettet tiltak som IPS.en_US
dc.description.doctoraltypeph.d.en_US
dc.description.popularabstractNorway, known for its robust welfare system, faces a conundrum regarding its young adults: low unemployment but, at the same time, high and rising health-related welfare use, mainly due to mental health problems. My study examines this increasing trend among young Norwegian adults over three decades, using national register data, sequence analysis, and a difference-in-differences method. Findings show that, after a major welfare reform, there was a shift towards long-term reliance on health-related benefits among young adults who struggled with unemployment. However, there is a silver lining: the Individual Placement and Support (IPS) vocational rehabilitation approach successfully fosters employment, advocating for collaborative strategies to help these young adults. My findings are crucial to inform policymakers aiming to reduce health-related dependency.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipResearch Council of Norway, project IPS Bodø II, project number #280589en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/33153
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherUiT The Arctic University of Norwayen_US
dc.publisherUiT Norges arktiske universiteten_US
dc.relation.haspart<p>Paper 1: Wittlund, S., Mykletun, A. & Lorentzen, T. (2022). Disability pension dynamics in early adulthood: A two-decade longitudinal study of educational, work and welfare-state trajectories in Norway. <i>SSM - Population Health, 17</i>, 101062. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/25142>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/25142</a>. <p>Paper 2: Wittlund, S. & Lorentzen, T. (2023). Changes in health-related rehabilitation trajectories following a major Norwegian welfare reform. <i>BMC Public Health, 23</i>(1), 1444. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/31409>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/31409</a>. <p>Paper 3: Brinchmann, B., Wittlund, S., Lorentzen, T., Moe, C., McDaid, D., Killackey, E., Rinaldi, M. & Mykletun, A. The societal impact of Individual Placement and Support implementation on employment outcomes for young adults receiving temporary health-related welfare benefits: a difference-in-differences study. (Manuscript under review). Now published in <i>Psychological Medicine</i>, 2024, available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/33152>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/33152</a>.en_US
dc.rights.accessRightsopenAccessen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2024 The Author(s)
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0en_US
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)en_US
dc.subjectMental Healthen_US
dc.subjectWorken_US
dc.subjectWelfare Dependencyen_US
dc.subjectVocational Rehabitiationen_US
dc.subjectIndividual Placement and Supporten_US
dc.subjectYoung Adultsen_US
dc.subjectLife course trajectoriesen_US
dc.subjectSocial determinants of Healthen_US
dc.subjectWelfare refromen_US
dc.titleMental Health, Work, Welfare and Vocational Rehabilitation. A Comprehensive Study of Young Adults in the Norwegian Welfare Stateen_US
dc.typeDoctoral thesisen_US
dc.typeDoktorgradsavhandlingen_US


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Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
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