Design and Evaluation of a Medical Microwave Radiometer for Observing Temperature Gradients Subcutaneously in the Human Body
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https://hdl.handle.net/10037/3818View/ Open
Thesis introduction (PDF)
Øystein Klemetsen, Svein Jacobsen and Yngve Birkelund: 'Radiometric temperature reading of a hot ellipsoidal object inside the oral cavity by a shielded microwave antenna put flush to the cheek', Physics in Medicine and Biology (2012) 57:2633-2652. This is the accepted manuscript version. Published version available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/57/9/2633 (PDF)
Date
2012-02-01Type
Doctoral thesisDoktorgradsavhandling
Author
Klemetsen, ØysteinAbstract
The topic covered in this thesis is medical temperature measurement of subcutaneous parts of human tissue with use of microwave radiometry. Radiometry is a completely non-invasive, non-toxic and relatively inexpensive sensing modality. The radiometric technique is based on the measurement of electromagnetic noise power emitted by lossy materials. The method has explicit low investment costs and low technological complexity, but relatively low spatial resolution. Still the method can be useful for some dedicated medical applications.
Fundamental radiometric theory and dielectrical properties of biological tissues are derived. The process to realize a miniaturized radiometer is going from active antenna configuration to a complete miniaturized radiometer and finally to a modular radiometer, that is used \textsl{in-vivo} on humans.
Different radiometers were designed, simulated, built and tested on realistic human phantoms. \textit{In vivo} experiments were also conducted to verify the prototype radiometer and to test the ability to be used in tailored medical diagnostics. The primary application covered is temperature gradient measurement during microwave hyperthermia and in pediatric vesicouretaral reflux (VUR) detection. Hyperthermia is a therapeutic technique in which cancerous tissue is heated to 40-45$^\circ$C, inducing vascular and cellular changes that improve the therapeutic effectiveness when used in conjunction with chemotherapy or radiation therapy. VUR is abnormal flow of urine from the bladder back to the upper urinary tract. Another application where this radiometer can be of great interest is in breast cancer diagnostic. Breast cancer is a type of cancer that forms in tissues of the breast; usually in the ducts and lobules and can occur in both men and woman.
We present results from radiometric measurement on human phantoms during a hyperthermia heating sequence. Experimental evidence shows that radiometry can be used for temperature quality assurance of the heated volume in depth.
In VUR detection, the first step is to heat the bladder prior to detection of the reflux. We present results from measurements \textsl{in-vivo} with a water filled balloon in the human mouth, that mimics pediatric bladder heating. Results show that the radiometer can be used as the first step in the novel VUR detection.
Radiometry antennas are one of the most critical components in a radiometer system. An elliptical printed circuit board antenna is designed and matched to the human body. Further, an antenna with suction, with use of negative pressure to mount the antenna onto the human body for improved radiometric performance, was also proposed and built. The simple and elegant solution for the coupling of the antenna with use of negative pressure, documents improved performance in estimating the true temperature as well as exhibiting smaller fluctuation in the radiometric signal. Bakgrunnen for avhandlingen er at nåværende metoder som brukes til screening av brystkreft hos kvinner er røntgenbaserte gjennomlysningsmetoder med assosierte utfordringer som tilgjengelighet og stor grad av feildiagnostisering. Videre er vesicouretral refluks en tilstand med tilbakestrøm av urin fra blære, opp via urinleder til nyre, og som i visse tilfeller kan forårsake nyreskade. Denne diagnosen blir ofte stilt i barneår, hvor barnet da må i gjennom diagnostiske prosedyrer som kan oppleves smertefulle. Vi ønsker å finne ut om det er mulig å lage et lite og fungerende mikrobølgeinstrument som er fullstendig ufarlig for pasienten og som kan brukes til medisinsk diagnostikk av disse sykdommene.
Vi har designet, simulert og bygget et mikrobølgeinstrument som på fagspråk betegnes et radiometer. Radiometeret er bygget av kommersielt masseproduserte og lett tilgjengelige komponenter. Ved å velge en slik konstruksjonsmetode, kan kostnadene holdes nede og størrelsen på selve instrumentet blir minimalisert. Deteksjonsprinsippet som ligger til grunn for instrumenteringen er å måle naturlig varmestråling fra kroppen for å kunne avdekke temperaturdifferanser inne i selve vevet. Det er kjent fra studier at kreftsvulster har høyere temperatur (opptil 5C) enn normalt friskt vev. Denne temperaturkontrasten kan man avlese med dette instrumentet om temperaturdifferansen er tilstrekkelig høy. Videre kan instrumentet potensielt brukes i en helt ny metode for detektering av refluks av urin fra blære til nyrer. Instrumenteringen har vært testet på mennesker, hvor man har klart å lage et måleoppsett som simulerer oppvarming av en pediatrisk blære. Denne oppvarmingen av blæren er en forutsetning for videre deteksjon av refluks av urin fra blære til en eller begge nyrene.
Description
Papers 1,3,4 and 5 of this thesis are not available in Munin:
1. Ø. Klemetsen, Y. Birkelund, and S. K. Jacobsen: 'Design of medical radiometer front-end for improved performance', Progress In Electromagnetics Research B (2011) Vol. 27, 289–306. Available at http://www.jpier.org/PIERB/pier.php?paper=10101204
3. Øystein Klemetsen and Svein Jacobsen: 'Improved Radiometric Performance Attained by an Elliptical Microwave Antenna With Suction', IEEE transactions on biomedical engineering (2012)59(1):263-271. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2011.2172441
4. Yngve Birkelund, Øystein Klemetsen, Svein K. Jacobsen, Kavitha Arunachalam, Paolo Maccarini, and Paul R. Stauffer: 'Vesicoureteral Reflux in children : a phantom study of microwave heating and radiometric thermometry of pediatric bladder', IEEE transactions on biomedical engineering (2011)58(11):3269-3278. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2011.2167148
5. Svein Jacobsen and Øystein Klemetsen: 'Improved detectability in medical microwave radio-thermometers as obtained by active antennas', IEEE transactions on biomedical engineering (2008)55(12):2778-2785. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2008.2002156
1. Ø. Klemetsen, Y. Birkelund, and S. K. Jacobsen: 'Design of medical radiometer front-end for improved performance', Progress In Electromagnetics Research B (2011) Vol. 27, 289–306. Available at http://www.jpier.org/PIERB/pier.php?paper=10101204
3. Øystein Klemetsen and Svein Jacobsen: 'Improved Radiometric Performance Attained by an Elliptical Microwave Antenna With Suction', IEEE transactions on biomedical engineering (2012)59(1):263-271. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2011.2172441
4. Yngve Birkelund, Øystein Klemetsen, Svein K. Jacobsen, Kavitha Arunachalam, Paolo Maccarini, and Paul R. Stauffer: 'Vesicoureteral Reflux in children : a phantom study of microwave heating and radiometric thermometry of pediatric bladder', IEEE transactions on biomedical engineering (2011)58(11):3269-3278. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2011.2167148
5. Svein Jacobsen and Øystein Klemetsen: 'Improved detectability in medical microwave radio-thermometers as obtained by active antennas', IEEE transactions on biomedical engineering (2008)55(12):2778-2785. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2008.2002156
Publisher
Universitetet i TromsøUniversity of Tromsø
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