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dc.contributor.authorWilliams, Katie M.
dc.contributor.authorVerhoeven, Virginie J.M.
dc.contributor.authorCumberland, Phillippa
dc.contributor.authorBertelsen, Geir
dc.contributor.authorWolfram, Christian
dc.contributor.authorBuitendijk, Gabriëlle H.S.
dc.contributor.authorHofman, Albert
dc.contributor.authorVan Duijn, Cornelia M.
dc.contributor.authorVingerling, Johannes R.
dc.contributor.authorKuijpers, Robert W.A.M.
dc.contributor.authorHöhn, René
dc.contributor.authorMirshahi, Alireza
dc.contributor.authorKhawaja, Anthony P.
dc.contributor.authorLuben, Robert N.
dc.contributor.authorErke, Maja Gran
dc.contributor.authorHanno, Therese von
dc.contributor.authorMahroo, Omar
dc.contributor.authorHogg, Ruth
dc.contributor.authorGieger, Christian
dc.contributor.authorCougnard-Grégoire, Audrey
dc.contributor.authorAnastasopoulos, Eleftherios
dc.contributor.authorBron, Alain
dc.contributor.authorDartigues, Jean-François
dc.contributor.authorKorobelnik, Jean-François
dc.contributor.authorCreuzot-Garcher, Catherine
dc.contributor.authorTopouzis, Fotis
dc.contributor.authorDelcourt, Cecile
dc.contributor.authorRahi, Jugnoo
dc.contributor.authorMeitinger, Thomas
dc.contributor.authorFletcher, Astrid
dc.contributor.authorFoster, Paul J.
dc.contributor.authorPfeiffer, Norbert
dc.contributor.authorKlaver, Caroline C.W.
dc.contributor.authorHammond, Christopher J.
dc.date.accessioned2016-03-17T12:13:47Z
dc.date.available2016-03-17T12:13:47Z
dc.date.issued2015-03-18
dc.description.abstractTo estimate the prevalence of refractive error in adults across Europe. Refractive data (mean spherical equivalent) collected between 1990 and 2013 from fifteen population-based cohort and cross-sectional studies of the European Eye Epidemiology (E3 ) Consortium were combined in a random effects meta-analysis stratified by 5-year age intervals and gender. Participants were excluded if they were identified as having had cataract surgery, retinal detachment, refractive surgery or other factors that might influence refraction. Estimates of refractive error prevalence were obtained including the following classifications: myopia B-0.75 diopters (D), high myopia B-6D, hyperopia C1D and astigmatism C1D. Meta-analysis of refractive error was performed for 61,946 individuals from fifteen studies with median age ranging from 44 to 81 and minimal ethnic variation (98 % European ancestry). The age-standardised prevalences (using the 2010 European Standard Population, limited to those C25 and \90 years old) were: myopia 30.6 % [95 % confidence interval (CI) 30.4–30.9], high myopia 2.7 % (95 % CI 2.69–2.73), hyperopia 25.2 % (95 % CI 25.0–25.4) and astigmatism 23.9 % (95 % CI 23.7–24.1). Age-specific estimates revealed a high prevalence of myopia in younger participants [47.2 % (CI 41.8–52.5) in 25–29 years-olds]. Refractive error affects just over a half of European adults. The greatest burden of refractive error is due to myopia, with high prevalence rates in young adults. Using the 2010 European population estimates, we estimate there are 227.2 million people with myopia across Europe.en_US
dc.descriptionThe final publication is also available at Springer via <a herf=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-015-0010-0>http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-015-0010-0</a>en_US
dc.identifier.citationEuropean Journal of Epidemiology 2015, 30(4):305-315en_US
dc.identifier.cristinIDFRIDAID 1238166
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s10654-015-0010-0
dc.identifier.issn0393-2990
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/9014
dc.identifier.urnURN:NBN:no-uit_munin_8588
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherSpringer Verlagen_US
dc.rights.accessRightsopenAccess
dc.subjectRefractive erroren_US
dc.subjectMyopiaen_US
dc.subjectEpidemiologyen_US
dc.subjectPrevalenceen_US
dc.subjectConsortiumen_US
dc.subjectVDP::Medical disciplines: 700en_US
dc.subjectVDP::Medisinske Fag: 700en_US
dc.titlePrevalence of refractive error in Europe: the European Eye Epidemiology (E(3)) Consortiumen_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.typeTidsskriftartikkelen_US
dc.typePeer revieweden_US


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