This paper outlines the origin and development of the synthetic Perfect from Indo-Iranian, the reconstructed common ancestral stage of the Iranian and Indo-Aryan languages, to Vedic, the oldest attested stage of Old Indo-Aryan. Comparative evidence from Old Iranian, Homeric Greek and a number of other Indo-European languages shows that this morphological category ultimately stems from Proto-Indo-European. ...

1. Given the current rates of climate change, with associated shifts in herbivore population densities, understanding the role of different herbivores in ecosystem functioning is critical for predicting ecosystem responses. Here, we examined how migratory geese and resident, non-migratory reindeer—two dominating yet functionally contrasting herbivores—control vegetation and ecosystem processes in ...

Indo-Iranian in general and Old Indo-Aryan in particular is usually regarded as a morphosyntactically rather conservative branch of the Indo-European linguistic family. However, recent work (e.g. Cotticelli and Dahl Forthcoming) demonstrates that Early Vedic, the oldest attested variety of Old Indo-Aryan, shows a number of important innovations in its alignment system, including the establishing of ...

The GAP project is concerned with the lack of stakeholder participation in providing knowledge for management. This creates a legitimacy problem as the fishermen do not get to share the knowledge basis for and justification of management decisions. In addition, fishermen’s experience-based knowledge remains unused. GAP intends to bridge the legitimacy and knowledge gaps, finding practical ways for ...

In this discussion I want to focus the spotlight on what Historia Norwegiae (hereafter H.N.) reports on relations in the Far North, on the Sámi and on the interaction between Norwegians and Sámi, as well as additional peoples further to the east in the North Calotte.2 I shall concentrate on a summary of the peoples who were perceived, to a greater or lesser extent, as standing outside the Norse, ...

This article analyzes the complex religious situation resulting from the introduction of the pietistic mission to Senja and Vesterålen in Northern Norway. It focuses on the interactions and confrontation between the missionaries, the ecclesiastical representatives, and the Sámi population. Earlier, I examined various perspectives of the Danish-Norwegian missionary efforts among the Sámi population ...

En sentral oppgave for en lærer er å legge til rette for at elevene skal lære, også kalt læringsledelse. Å lede læring kan beskrives med utgangspunkt i tre momenter, ifølge Rasmussen (2005): 1) etablere og holde fast på fokus på undervisningens tema og oppgaver, 2) tilrettelegge undervisningen slik at den fremstår aktiverende og målrettet og 3) fremholde klare, eksplisitte standarder for elevenes ...

Dette kapitlet bygger på en casestudie av et utviklingsarbeid der en skole skulle endre organisering fra segregert til integrert spesialundervisning. En slik form for spesialundervisning er både fysisk og faglig integrert i ordinær opplæring. For å lykkes med dette måtte lærerne endre sin læringsledelse. Fra å ha ledet elevenes læringsprosesser hver for seg skulle klasse- og spesiallærerne1 nå utvikle ...

In surgical training, mentors and mentees communicate to expand mentees’ technical skills. However, access to mentors for education in surgical subspecialties is a challenge in many hospitals. Videoconferencing (VC), which enables real-time communication between mentors and mentees in different geographical locations, can overcome this challenge. This study examines a practice in Norway in which VC ...

This paper seeks to examine and discuss to what extent the Kingdom of Denmark (Denmark, Faroe Islands and Greenland) and the Russia Federation have different perceptions of the Arctic, and the needs and values of a common understanding of the Arctic between them.