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Analysis of dust impacts observed with the Radio Plasma Wave instrument onboard ESA’s Solar Orbiter
(Master thesis; Mastergradsoppgave, 2023-12-15)Dust particles are one of the major constituents of the interplanetary medium in our solar system. They are presumably formed by fragmentation processes of meteoroids and for a certain range of sizes and parameters the dust particles move radially outwards from the Sun. The Radio plasma Wave (RPW) instrument on Solar Orbiter can measure dust particles that impact the spacecraft. By measuring the ... -
On the Distribution of Meteoric Smoke Particles above Andøya, Norway, and Estimated Collection During a Summer Rocket Campaign
(Master thesis; Mastergradsoppgave, 2023-12-21)As meteoroids enter the Earth’s atmosphere, the majority will fully evaporate in the altitude region 70–110 km, due to the frictional heating from atmospheric interactions. The evaporated material is thought to re-condense and coagulate into nanometer sized particles called meteoric smoke particles (MSP). These particles are thought to be a central component in the formation of noctilucent clouds ... -
The effect of a water-ice mantle on dust trajectories in the Kuiper belt
(Mastergradsoppgave; Master thesis, 2023-07-12)The New Horizons spacecraft has travelled through the Solar System and has reached a distance of 55 AU as of 2023. For one of the first times, the dust flux in the outer Solar System has been measured, using the instrument Student Dust Counter (SDC) onboard New Horizons. Between 30 and 50 AU is the Kuiper belt, which is a disk consisting of icy objects. These objects can undergo collisions, causing ... -
Natural occuring oil seepages as a consequence of bottom trawling?
(Mastergradsoppgave; Master thesis, 2023-05-31)Bottom trawling is used to capture fish species that live in the seabed. The damage on the seabed trawling causes has been discussed for many years. This thesis aims to investigate whether bottom trawling for sand eels can be a cause for some of the detected oil seepages in the North Sea. We investigated this using manual delineation of oil seepages in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite ... -
A new Method for Estimating 3-Dimensional Ionospheric Currents from Ground-Based Magnetometers
(Mastergradsoppgave; Master thesis, 2022-07-17)The ionosphere is a region of the upper atmosphere where a significant rate of photo-ionisation from solar ultraviolet radiation cause an increased plasma density. In this region a system of electrical currents flow, driven by electric fields generated by fluctuating dynamics within the Earths magnetosphere. These fluctuating dynamics are caused by interactions between the magnetosphere and the solar ... -
Interstellar Dust in the Inner Heliosphere and Impact Detection Capabilities with ESA's Solar Orbiter Spacecraft
(Master thesis; Mastergradsoppgave, 2022-05-31)ESA’s Solar Orbiter spacecraft provides a new opportunity to investigate the inner heliosphere close to sun, by taking measurements with state-of-the-art instruments it will help uncover the mysteries of the Sun. Solar Orbiter is planned for a 7 year mission, reaching as close as 0.28 AU to the sun. Using a process called impact ionization, dust fluxes can be measured during the mission. Some ... -
Polar Mesospheric Winter Echoes - an analysis of selected cases
(Mastergradsoppgave; Master thesis, 2022-05-31)Polar Mesospheric Winter Echoes (PMWE) are strong coherent radar echoes, from the upper mesosphere at 55-85 km that are observed typically from end of August until beginning of May. Some models to explain PMWE formation suggest that they form because of turbulence in the atmosphere. Other models suggest that the PMWEs form like summer polar mesospheric echoes (PMSE) where charged dust particles ... -
Frequency Dependence of Ionospheric Electron Heating Around the Third Double Resonance
(Mastergradsoppgave; Master thesis, 2022-05-31)The partly ionized ionosphere responds differently to high power, high frequency radio waves based on the wave frequency, the wave power, the wave polarization, and the propagation angle relative to the magnetic field. Ionospheric modification experiments are conducted to investigate the responses and their dependencies, setting experimental constraints on the contributions from non-resonant collisional ... -
Disambiguation of range-Doppler radar measurements
(Mastergradsoppgave; Master thesis, 2022-05-31)Observing the Moon by a monostatic synthetic-aperture radar system has the inherent problem that any given combination of range and Doppler shift in a measurement will map to two different regions on the lunar surface. This ambiguity has previously been avoided using an interferometric radar configuration or selective illumination. The objective of this thesis was to write and validate a method for ... -
Design and implementation of an oblique ionosonde receiver. For studies of spatial and temporal ionospheric structures
(Mastergradsoppgave; Master thesis, 2022-05-27)The study of the ionosphere has been of central interest since its discovery in the early 20th century. In later decades there has been an increasing appreciation and need for understanding the spatial and temporal structure of the ionosphere and how the structure is affected by various processes in the atmosphere. An important process in this context is that of atmospheric gravity waves ... -
The influence of mass loss on the dynamics of dust near the Sun
(Mastergradsoppgave; Master thesis, 2021-12-28)The Parker Solar Probe (PSP) mission by NASA and the Solar Orbiter (SolO) mission by ESA are two recently launched missions that measure dust in the inner solar system. The dust is produced by fragmentation of meteoroids, which are large fragments of the asteroids and comets. The dust particles are small enough that their motion is affected by the radiation pressure force from the Sun. Dust fragments ... -
Radar observations of space debris in polar orbits 2018–2021. A study on the evolution of the Microsat-R fragments
(Master thesis; Mastergradsoppgave, 2021-07-02)Orbits are an invaluable resource for the global community. However, space pollution is becoming more pronounced as the accumulation of debris continues. Deliberate collisions are a relevant source contributing to this development. When Microsat-R was destroyed with a missile in 2019, it ejected numerous fragments into orbit. Based on observations made with EISCAT UHF, this thesis will investigate ... -
On Trapped Particle Dynamics in Rotating Frames
(Mastergradsoppgave; Master thesis, 2021-07-01)The rapid rotation of Jupiter and Saturn, combined with internal source of plasma provided by their moons Io and Enceladus respectively, creates a magnetodisk structure of the planetary magnetic field. The magnetodisk looks like a stretched dipole magnetic field in the equatorial region, where centrifugal force is largest. The centrifugal force, originating in the rotating frame, is known to have ... -
A model for IS spectra for magnetized plasma with arbitrary isotropic velocity distributions
(Mastergradsoppgave; Master thesis, 2020-06-27)The plasma line in the incoherent scatter spectrum is known to provide information about the state of the ionosphere. However, it is weak in signal strength and therefore difficult to measure reliably and consistently. When high-energetic electrons (suprathermal electrons) are present in the ionosphere the plasma line echo power is enhanced and detectable by more radars. Recent measurements made by ... -
Design and Implementation of a Software Defined Ionosonde. A contribution to the development of distributed arrays of small instruments
(Master thesis; Mastergradsoppgave, 2020-06-29)In order to make advances in studies of mesoscale ionospheric phenomena, a new type of ionosonde is needed. This ionosonde should be relatively inexpensive and small form factor. It should also be well suited for operation in a network of transmit and receiver sites that are operated cooperatively in order to measure vertical and oblique paths between multiple transmitters and receivers in the ... -
Predicting the Auroral Oval Boundaries by Means of Polar Operational Environmental Satellite Particle Precipitation Data
(Master thesis; Mastergradsoppgave, 2020-06-29)New empirical Kp-based models for the equatorward and poleward boundaries of the auroral oval in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres were developed, with the purpose of reviewing the auroral ovals predicted by well-established Feldstein auroral oval model. The new models were derived from particle and energy flux measurements from six low-altitude (800-900 km) POES/MetOp satellites. The equatorward ... -
Interplanetary dust fluxes observed with Parker Solar Probe
(Master thesis; Mastergradsoppgave, 2020-06-29)The mission Parker Solar Probe (PSP) provides a new opportunity to make in-situ measurements of dust impacts closer to the Sun than ever before, eventually going as close as ∼ 10 solar radii or ∼ 0.05 AU. PSP can measure dust impacts from monopole measurements of the spacecraft’s electric potential to one of its antennas using its FIELDS instrument. In this work impact rates data is compared ... -
Cross-Phase Based Multi-Camera Video Synchronization Calibration with Sub Frame Rate Accuracy
(Master thesis; Mastergradsoppgave, 2020-06-29)In auroral research, it is necessary to accurately measure the time-shift differences between varying light sources. Such measurements can be carried out using two or more digital cameras, or between different regions of an image obtained using a single camera. An example of this is measurements of the time-shifts between prompt auroral emissions originating from different altitude regions during ... -
An investigation of the spatial and temporal distribution of kinetic energy in the mesosphere. The high latitude mesosphere
(Master thesis; Mastergradsoppgave, 2020-06-29)The mesosphere is perhaps the least explored region in the atmosphere with very few methods of observing. This thesis will primarily be exploring a new technique for measuring the distribution of kinetic energy in the mesosphere across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. The method being used relies on correlation functions between pairs of meteor measurements. These measurements are made ... -
Analysis of the potential of the Ku-band Gamma Portable Radar Interferometer for sea ice information extraction.
(Master thesis; Mastergradsoppgave, 2020-06-29)Radar remote sensing is a key technology for monitoring sea ice. In this regard, passive microwave and Synthetic Aperture Radars (SARs) are the most important sensor types. This technology has been used for sea ice applications for four decades, but there are still many uncertainties related to sea ice monitoring by SAR. Some of these may be solved by multi-sensor observations, in which case other ...
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