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dc.contributor.advisorBourgeon, Sophie
dc.contributor.authorHansen, Elisabeth
dc.date.accessioned2023-10-12T12:47:33Z
dc.date.available2023-10-12T12:47:33Z
dc.date.issued2023-11-02
dc.description.abstractEnvironmental pollution emerged as a major concern in the mid-20th century primarily due to the unrestricted release of industrial chemicals and pesticides. Among wildlife species, apex predators, like raptors, have been heavily exposed to environmental pollutants such as organo-halogenated contaminants (OHCs) and metals (e.g., mercury). Due to their high trophic position, harmful levels of these pollutants ensued through biomagnification and resulted in drastic population declines during the 1950s/60s. Following a series of regulative efforts that began in the 1970s, exposure to acutely toxic and lethal doses of OHCs and metals has become rare. However, chronic exposure to lower levels of contaminants can also be harmful by triggering sublethal health effects that may ultimately affect individuals’ survival and fitness. In this context, biological endpoints that act as early warning indicators of adverse health effects, that is, biomarkers, can prove useful. This thesis aimed to study contaminant-mediated health effects in two wild raptor species, the white-tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla (WTE) and the tawny owl Strix aluco, over interannual to decadal time series. The selected biomarkers were leukocyte coping capacity (LCC; indicator of immunocapacity), telomere length (proxy of genotoxicity), and feather corticosterone (fCORT; measure of physiological stress). We observed that higher OHC concentrations in Norwegian WTE nestlings were associated with lower LCC, suggesting a reduced immune system capacity following OHC exposure. By contrast, telomere lengths in Swedish nestlings did not correlate with OHC concentrations. Our findings therefore suggest that telomere length is not a useful proxy for contaminant-mediated effects in WTE nestlings. Additionally, no links were found between fCORT and OHCs in adult Swedish WTEs, despite the population experiencing contrasting OHC levels throughout the study period. In Norwegian adult tawny owls, a positive relationship between fCORT and aluminium and cadmium was observed, along with a negative association with mercury, suggesting that these metals may influence long-term stress physiology. This thesis provides further evidence that the relationships between biomarkers and contaminants can be complex and species-specific. A strength of this thesis was the inclusion of long-term studies, which can help minimize the influence of confounding environmental stressors and thus reduce the chance of reporting spurious relationships. In summary, this thesis demonstrates that some biomarkers can offer valuable insights into potential physiological consequences of contamination in wild animals in their natural environment. Namely, LCC stands out as a potential new tool to evaluate contaminant-mediated health effects in wildlife ecotoxicology. Future research should continue to prioritize non-destructive and preferably non-invasive biomarkers, which are invaluable when working with protected species such as the WTE and the tawny owl.en_US
dc.description.abstractMiljøforurensning ble et betydelig bekymringspunkt på midten av 1900-tallet, hovedsakelig på grunn av den ubegrensede utslipp av industrielle kjemikalier og plantevernmidler. Toppredatorer, som rovfugler, har blitt spesielt påvirket av forurensning på grunn av sin høye trofiske posisjon, noe som resulterer i høye nivåer av miljøgifter som organo-halogenerte forbindelser (OHC-er) og giftige metaller. Selv om OHC-er og metaller kan være dødelige i høye doser, er slike eksponeringer sjeldne i dag. Imidlertid kan kronisk eksponering for lavere nivåer av forurensende stoffer også være problematisk ved å utløse sublethale helseeffekter som til slutt kan påvirke individuell overlevelse og tilpasningsevne. Denne avhandlingen hadde som mål å studere forurensningsmedierte effekter på to rovfuglarter, havørn og kattugle, over tiår og en studie over to påfølgende år. Forurensningsmedierte effekter ble studert ved bruk av biomarkører, som er biologiske markører (eller endepunkter) som fungerer som tidlige advarselsignaler om ugunstige effekter på fysiologiske funksjoner. De studerte biomarkørene var leukocyte coping capacity (LCC; indikator for immunokapasitet), telomerlengde (proxy for genotoksisitet) og fjærkortikosteron (fCORT; mål for fysiologisk stress). Vi observerte at høyere konsentrasjoner av OHC i norske havørnunger var assosiert med lavere LCC, men telomerlengder hos svenske havørnunger viste ingen korrelasjon med OHC-konsentrasjoner. I tillegg ble det ikke identifisert noen koblinger mellom fCORT og OHC-konsentrasjoner hos voksne svenske havørner, til tross for at populasjonen opplevde sterk variasjon i nivåer av OHC-konsentrasjoner gjennom studien. Hos kattugler i Norge observerte vi et positivt forhold mellom fCORT og aluminium og kadmium, sammen med en negativ sammenheng med kvikksølv, noe som antyder at metaller påvirker langsiktig stressfysiologi. Denne avhandlingen viser at visse biomarkører kan relatere til sublethale effekter som skyldes forurensningseksponering hos ville rovfugler. Dessuten utmerker LCC seg som et potensielt nytt verktøy i økotoksikologi for å evaluere forurensningsmedierte effekter. Mens forholdene mellom biomarkører og forurensende stoffer er komplekse og artsspesifikke, kan langsiktige studier bidra til å minimere påvirkningen fra andre miljøstressfaktorer og dermed redusere sjansen for å rapportere tilfeldige sammenhenger. Oppsummert gir biomarkører verdifulle innsikter i potensielle fysiologiske konsekvenser av forurensning hos ville dyr som ikke lett kan studeres i det naturlige miljøet. Vårt pågående fokus bør prioritere søket etter ikke-destruktive og helst ikke-invasive biomarkører, noe som er viktig når man arbeider med beskyttede arter som havørn og kattugle.en_US
dc.description.doctoraltypeph.d.en_US
dc.description.popularabstractIn the mid-20th century, environmental pollution became a major concern due to the unregulated release of industrial chemicals and pesticides. This posed a significant threat to wildlife, particularly apex predators like eagles and owls. These top predator birds ended up consuming prey that had absorbed a cocktail of environmental pollutants, specifically organo-halogenated contaminants (OHCs) and heavy metals like mercury. Because of their position at the top of the food chain, these pollutants accumulated in their bodies, causing serious problems during the 1950s and 60s when their populations sharply declined. However, regulatory efforts initiated in the 1970s curbed the acute and lethal exposure to OHCs and metals, making such incidents rare. Nevertheless, the birds still faced the insidious challenge of chronic exposure to lower levels of contaminants. This prolonged exposure could trigger sublethal health effects, potentially affecting their long-term survival or reproductive fitness. To investigate these hidden health consequences, we turned to biological indicators known as biomarkers. Biomarkers serve as early warning signals for adverse health effects. Our study focused on two wild raptor species: the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) and the tawny owl (Strix aluco), over extended time periods ranging from years to decades. The selected biomarkers included leukocyte coping capacity (LCC), which provides insights into immunocapacity; telomere length, acting as a proxy for genotoxicity; and feather corticosterone (fCORT), a measure of physiological stress. Our findings revealed intriguing patterns. In Norwegian white-tailed eagle nestlings, higher concentrations of OHCs were linked to reduced LCC, indicating a compromised immune system following OHC exposure. By contrast, telomere length in Swedish nestlings did not appear to correlate with OHC concentrations, suggesting that telomere length might not serve as a useful indicator for contaminant-mediated effects in these young eagles. Additionally, when examining adult Swedish white-tailed eagles, we found no significant connections between fCORT levels and OHCs, despite large variations in OHC exposure levels throughout the study period. However, in Norwegian adult tawny owls, we observed a positive relationship between fCORT and specific metals, such as aluminum and cadmium, alongside a negative association with mercury. This implies that these metals may influence long-term stress physiology in the tawny owl. This thesis underscores the complexity of the relationships between biomarkers and contaminants, demonstrating their dependence on factors like species and pollutant type. One notable strength of our study was the inclusion of long-term data, which helped us minimize the influence of other environmental factors and reduce the likelihood of reporting misleading findings. In summary, this thesis highlights that certain biomarkers can provide valuable insights into the physiological consequences of contamination in wild animals within their natural habitats. Notably, LCC emerges as a promising tool for assessing contaminant-mediated health effects in wildlife ecotoxicology. In future research, especially when working with protected species like the white-tailed eagle and the tawny owl, it remains crucial to prioritize biomarkers that can be obtained without causing harm or damage to the bird, ensuring the well-being of these avian predators while advancing our understanding of contaminant-related health effects in the wild.en_US
dc.identifier.isbn978-82-8266-247-5
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/31537
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherUiT The Arctic University of Norwayen_US
dc.publisherUiT Norges arktiske universiteten_US
dc.relation.haspart<p>Paper I: Hansen, E., Huber, N., Bustnes, J.O., Herzke, D., Bardsen, B.J., Eulaers, I., Johnsen, T.V. & Bourgeon, S. (2020). A novel use of the leukocyte coping capacity assay to assess the immunomodulatory effects of organohalogenated contaminants in avian wildlife. <i>Environment International, 142</i>, 105861. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/18763>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/18763</a>. <p>Paper II: Hansen, E., Skotnes, T., Bustnes, J.O., Helander, B., Eulaers, I., Sun, J.C., … Bourgeon, S. (2022). Telomere length in relation to persistent organic pollutant exposure in white-tailed eagle (<i>Haliaeetus albicilla</i>) nestlings from Sweden sampled in 1995-2013. <i>Environmental Research, 208</i>, 112712. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/24476>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/24476</a>. <p>Paper III: Hansen, E., Sun, J., Helander, B., Bustnes, J.O., Eulaers, I., Jaspers, V.L.B., Covaci, A., Eens, M. & Bourgeon, S. (2023). A retrospective investigation of feather corticosterone in a highly contaminated white-tailed eagle (<i>Haliaeetus albicilla</i>) population. <i>Environmental Research, 228</i>, 115923. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/30200>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/30200</a>. <p>Paper IV: Hansen, E., Bustnes, J.O., Eulaers, I., Herzke, D., Bårdsen, B.-J., Bangjord, G., Ballesteros, M. & Bourgeon, S. Feathers as temporal archives of environmental stress: a multi-decadal study on metal exposure, dietary proxies and physiological stress in a terrestrial raptor. (Manuscript).en_US
dc.rights.accessRightsopenAccessen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2023 The Author(s)
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0en_US
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)en_US
dc.subjectøkotoksikologien_US
dc.titleSublethal effects of environmental pollutant exposure in birds of prey: Evaluating biomarkers of health as indicators of contaminant-mediated effects in two sentinel raptor speciesen_US
dc.typeDoctoral thesisen_US
dc.typeDoktorgradsavhandlingen_US


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