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dc.contributor.advisorReigstad, Marit
dc.contributor.authorDybwad, Christine
dc.date.accessioned2023-11-29T11:48:19Z
dc.date.available2023-11-29T11:48:19Z
dc.date.issued2023-12-11
dc.description.abstractThe ocean’s biological carbon pump (BCP) is a vital part of the global carbon cycle as it produces, transforms, and transfers organic carbon from the surface ocean to the deep. To model the oceans capacity to store carbon today and in the future, we need to understand these processes well. In the Eurasian Arctic, the marine ecosystems who control most of the BCP face a rapid decline in sea ice cover, ocean warming and the increased prominence of the Atlantic water (AW), as well as glacier mass loss in their fjords. The aim of this work was to investigate the current seasonal patterns and to identify the relative protist, zooplankton fecal pellet and detritus composition of vertical carbon export in the northward-retreating and AW influenced seasonal sea ice zone north of Svalbard and in an Arctic glacial fjord (Billefjorden, Svalbard), using short- and long-term sediment traps. The key findings of this thesis include, 1) clear and comparable seasonal patterns in vertical carbon export across study sites and sediment trap designs, 2) diatom blooms and zooplankton fecal pellets were important constituents of heightened vertical carbon fluxes, especially where AW advected blooms into unfavorable light conditions or brought in high abundances of zooplankton, and 3) estuarine circulation and high turnover of nutrients and production drive vertical carbon export in a fjord experiencing glacier transition. Our studies suggest than in an Arctic where seasonal ice is reduced, the annual amount of organic carbon exported to depth may not change but that it will be increasingly reworked rather than phytoplankton derived. This thesis provides the first measured annual vertical carbon export rates in the region north of Svalbard and highlights the role of AW and plankton communities in driving the BCP in these highly dynamic and rapidly changing regions of the Arctic.en_US
dc.description.abstractKoblingen av planteproduksjon i de lysrike overflatelagene i havet og havdypet der mange organismer lever påvirkes av klimaendringer. I det arktiske marine økosystemet vil utsynking av algemateriale i form av organisk karbon påvirkes av reduksjon av havis, smelting av isbreer, og varmere atlanterhavsvann som strømmer inn i Polhavet. Vi samlet inn synkende partikler i vannet ved hjelp av sedimentfeller og studerte hvordan årstidsvariasjoner og sammensetningen av dyre- og planteplankton påvirker hvor mye organisk karbon som synker ned mot havbunnen. Vi studerte havområdet nord for Svalbard, hvor havisen er sterkt redusert, og en Svalbardfjord med en isbre som har trukket seg tilbake fra havet til land. Vi fant 1) sammenlignbare årstidsvariasjoner i alle områdene; 2) havområdet nord for Svalbard hvor Atlanterhavsstrømmen tilfører ekstra alger og dyreplankton fra sør har høyere utsynking av organisk karbon; 3) at karbonutsynkingen i den isbre-påvirkede fjorden er drevet av planktonsamfunn og havstrømmer. I et framtidig Arktisk hav med mindre havis, kan det organiske materialet som synker til bunns være sammenlignbart i mengde, men kvaliteten vil være dårligere.en_US
dc.description.doctoraltypeph.d.en_US
dc.description.popularabstractArctic marine ecosystems and the export of carbon from the surface to the deep sea is impacted by climate change through loss of sea ice, reduction of glaciers, and warmer Atlantic water flowing into the Arctic Ocean. We used sediment traps to collect sinking particles and examine how season and ecosystems regulate how much organic carbon sinks to depth. We studied the area north of Svalbard, showing dramatic sea ice losses, and an Arctic fjord with a glacier retreating from the sea onto land. We found 1) similar seasonal patterns across these regions, comparable to more southernly regions of the Arctic; 2) that areas where Atlantic water enters from lower latitudes with algae and zooplankton have the highest carbon export; 3) that in the glacial fjord, carbon export is driven by the plankton communities and fjord circulation. In a future Arctic with less ice, there may not be reduced carbon export but recycled particles rather than fresh algae will sink from the surface to the deep.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipThe current PhD thesis has mainly been co-funded by UiT – The Arctic University of Norway and the Tromsø Research Foundation under the project Arctic SIZE (“Arctic Seasonal Sea Ice Ecology”), grant No. 01vm/h1. Additional funding for the third paper of the thesis was provided by an Arctic Field Grant from the Svalbard Science Forum, project No. 282622 (titled “Microalgae vertical flux in the Svalbard seasonal ice zone”). The N-ICE2015 project (The Research Council of Norway, project No. 244646), the CarbonBridge project (The Research Council of Norway, project No. 226415), the TRANSSIZ cruise (through the PACES program of the Helmhotz Association (grant No. AWI_PS92_00)), the ArcticPRIZE project (United Kingdom Natural Environment Research Council, project No. NE/P006302/1), and the Nansen Legacy project (The Research Council of Norway, project number 276730) contributed ship time for sampling and funding for some of the lab analyses. The UiT – The Arctic University of Norway library covered the costs of the open access publications.en_US
dc.identifier.isbn978-82-8266-256-7
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/31883
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherUiT The Arctic University of Norwayen_US
dc.publisherUiT Norges arktiske universiteten_US
dc.relation.haspart<p>Paper I: Dybwad, C., Assmy, P., Olsen, L.M., Peeken, I., Nikolopoulos, A., Krumpen, T., Randelhoff, A., Tatarek, A., Wiktor, J.M. & Reigstad, M. (2021). Carbon Export in the Seasonal Sea Ice Zone North of Svalbard From Winter to Late Summer. <i>Frontiers in Marine Science, 7</i>, 525800. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/21865>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/21865</a>. <p>Paper II: Dybwad, C., Lalande, C., Bodur, Y.V., Henley, S.F., Cottier, F., Ershova, E.A., Hobbs, L., Last, K.S., Dąbrowska, A.M. & Reigstad, M. (2022). The Influence of Sea Ice Cover and Atlantic Water Advection on Annual Particle Export North of Svalbard. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 127</i>(10), e2022JC018897. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/27145> https://hdl.handle.net/10037/27145</a>. <p>Paper III: Dybwad, C., Vonnahme, T.R., Dietrich, U., Elster, J., Hejduková, E., Goraguer, L. & Reigstad, M.A. Transition From Marine- to Land-Terminating Glacier – Implications for Marine Plankton and Pelagic-Benthic Coupling Under Light and Nutrient Limited Conditions. (Manuscript).en_US
dc.relation.isbasedonAssmy, P., Duarte, P., Dujardin, J., Fernández-Méndez, M., Fransson, A., Hodgson, R., et al. (2016). N-ICE2015 water column biogeochemistry [Data set]. Norwegian Polar Institute. <a href=https://doi.org/10.21334/npolar.2016.3ebb7f64>https://doi.org/10.21334/npolar.2016.3ebb7f64</a>en_US
dc.relation.isbasedonReigstad, M., Seuthe, L., Vernet, M., Tremblay, & J. É., Kristiansen, S. (2017): CarbonBridge - Concentration of suspended and sinking nutrients and organic material in the waters northwest of Spitsbergen in 2014 [Dataset]. PANGAEA. <a href=https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.875790>https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.875790</a>en_US
dc.relation.isbasedonDybwad, C., Assmy, P. (submitted): Concentrations of exported organic matter during research project N-ICE2015 north of Svalbard [Dataset]. PANGAEA.en_US
dc.relation.isbasedonDybwad, C., Reigstad, M., Nikolopoulos, A., Peeken, I. & Kristiansen, S. (2020): Concentrations of suspended and exported organic matter and nutrients during POLARSTERN cruise PS92 (ARK-XXIX/1 TRANSSIZ) in May and June 2015 north of Svalbard [Dataset]. PANGAEA. <a href=https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.910883>https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.910883</a>en_US
dc.relation.isbasedonDybwad, C. S., Bodur, Y., Reigstad, M. & Cottier, F. (2022a). Nansen Legacy and Arctic PRIZE sequential sediment trap particle data, collected north of Svalbard from October 2017 to October 2018 [Dataset]. Norstore. <a href=https://doi.org/10.11582/2022.00044>https://doi.org/10.11582/2022.00044</a>en_US
dc.relation.isbasedonDybwad, C. S., Bodur, Y., Reigstad, M. & Cottier, F. (2022b). Nansen Legacy and Arctic PRIZE sequential sediment trap protist and zooplankton data, collected north of Svalbard from October 2017 to October 2018 [Dataset]. Norstore. <a href=https://doi.org/10.11582/2022.00045>https://doi.org/10.11582/2022.00045</a>en_US
dc.relation.isbasedonCottier, F. R., Drysdale, L., Dumont, E., Henley, S. F., Hobbs, L., Porter, M. & Venables, E. (2022a). Arctic PRIZE western mooring data incorporating CTD, Nitrate, ADCP, and temperature sensors north of Svalbard at approximately 81°02'N, 18°25'E, September 2017 to November 2019 [Dataset]. NERC EDS British Oceanographic Data Center NOC. <a href=https://doi.org/10.5285/e7db55e3-2899-1b40-e053-17d1a68b98b8>https://doi.org/10.5285/e7db55e3-2899-1b40-e053-17d1a68b98b8</a>en_US
dc.relation.isbasedonCottier, F. R., Drysdale, L., Dumont, E., Henley, S. F., Hobbs, L., Porter, M., & Venables, E. (2022b). Arctic PRIZE eastern mooring data incorporating CTD, Nitrate, ADCP, and temperature sensors, north of Svalbard at approximately 81°18'N, 31°20'E, September 2017 to November 2019 [Dataset]. NERC EDS British Oceanographic Data Center NOC. <a href=https://doi.org/10.5285/e7db55e3-2898-1b40-e053-17d1a68b98b8>https://doi.org/10.5285/e7db55e3-2898-1b40-e053-17d1a68b98b8</a>en_US
dc.rights.accessRightsopenAccessen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2023 The Author(s)
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0en_US
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)en_US
dc.subjectVDP::Mathematics and natural science: 400::Zoology and botany: 480::Marine biology: 497en_US
dc.subjectVDP::Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480::Marinbiologi: 497en_US
dc.subjectVDP::Mathematics and natural science: 400::Zoology and botany: 480::Ecology: 488en_US
dc.subjectVDP::Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480::Økologi: 488en_US
dc.titleVertical Carbon Export in a Changing Arctic Seasonal Ice Zone: Composition and seasonality in the area north of Svalbard and in an Arctic glacial fjorden_US
dc.typeDoctoral thesisen_US
dc.typeDoktorgradsavhandlingen_US


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