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dc.contributor.advisorBlencke, Hans-Matti
dc.contributor.authorRichard, Celine Sarah Marine
dc.date.accessioned2024-05-25T18:56:52Z
dc.date.available2024-05-25T18:56:52Z
dc.date.issued2024-06-10
dc.description.abstract<p>Treatment of bacterial infections has become more challenging due to the expansion of antibiotic resistance. Especially, resistant Gram-negative pathogens are burdening healthcare systems worldwide. This increases the need for new antibiotics able to penetrate the outer-membrane (OM) of Gram-negatives. Natural products (NPs) from the marine environment e.g. antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are interesting drug lead candidates as they often show potent activity against bacterial membranes and are still under-studied compared to NPs from the terrestrial environment. Mode of action (MoA) specific drug lead discovery requires new tools, which can be based on engineered bacterial cells as biosensors. To identify MoA of peptides in general, and the impact of AMPs on bacterial membranes specifically, bacterial whole-cell biosensors (BWCBs) based on different reporter gene constructs are one possible solution to facilitate effective discovery pipelines. The work conducted in this thesis aims to engineer novel BWCBs with relatively new reporter genes to facilitate a better understanding of the impact of marine AMPs on the bacterial membranes already during screening steps of drug discovery. <p>In paper I, as part of the ongoing research for antimicrobial NPs, the BWCBs <i>Escherichia coli</i> (for Gram-negative) and <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (for Gram-positive) carrying the bacterial luciferase <i>lux</i> operon or the eukaryotic click beetle luciferase lucGR were used to study the impact of compounds extracted from the arctic bryozoan <i>Securiflustra securifrons</i>, on the cell viability or membrane integrity, respectively. One of them, the Securamine H, was found to inhibit the viability of Gram-positive bacteria and reduce metabolic activity of <i>B. subtilis</i> but the MoA on this intracellular target still needs to be identified. <p>In paper II, a recently discovered reporter gene, <i>unaG</i>, from the Japanese eel <i>Anguilla japonicas</i>, was used to engineer a novel MoA specific BWCB to investigate OM integrity of Gram-negative bacteria. We used the <i>E. coli</i> wild-type strain MC4100 and its isogenic OM-impaired mutant strain NR698 as well as different OM-active compounds and cyclic marine AMP derivatives to show that the uptake of Bilirubin (BR), the ligand of UnaG, and thus fluorescence depends on a leaky OM. Those properties of the UnaG-BR couple might be applied as a BWCB and as an alternative to the OM integrity assays currently in use. <p>In paper III, the reporter gene <i>unaG</i> has been combined with luciferase-based reporter systems in the same BWCB to distinguish OM from OM- and plasma-membrane (PM) disruption or to run simultaneous cell viability measurements. These novel BWCBs allow for one step evaluation of OM and PM or OM and viability. Marine AMPs from the Spider Crab <i>Hyas araneus</i> and from the Green Sea Urchin <i>Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis</i> were used to study their impact on bacterial membranes. Centrocin HC has a strong effect on the PM and OM of <i>E. coli</i> while the fragment Centrocin HC (1-20) exhibited less activity towards PM and more against OM, and shorter fragments remained completely inactive. This indicates that most of the first 20 amino acids are required to exhibit OM activity but not sufficient to efficiently penetrate the PM. The latter could be explained by the loss of a positively charge arginine compared to the full-length peptide.en_US
dc.description.abstract<p>Behandling av bakterieinfeksjoner har blitt mer utfordrende på grunn av den økende antibiotikaresistensen. Spesielt resistente gramnegative patogener belaster helsevesenet over hele verden. Dette øker behovet for nye antibiotika som kan trenge gjennom den ytre membranen til gramnegative bakterier. Naturlige produkter fra det marine miljøet, f.eks. antimikrobielle peptider (AMP), er interessante legemiddelkandidater, ettersom de ofte viser kraftig aktivitet mot bakteriemembraner og fortsatt er lite utforsket sammenlignet med naturlige produkter fra det terrestriske miljøet. For å finne nye legemidler som er spesifikke for virkningsmekanismen, kreves det nye verktøy som kan baseres på genmanuplerte bakterieceller som biosensorer. For å identifisere virkningsmåtene til peptider generelt, og AMPs' innvirkning på bakteriemembraner spesielt, er bakterielle helcellebiosensorer (BHCB) basert på ulike reportergenkonstruksjoner en mulig løsning for å legge til rette for effektive oppdagelsesprosesser. Arbeidet som er utført i denne avhandlingen, har som mål å utvikle nye BHCB-er med relativt nye reportergener for å legge til rette for en bedre forståelse av virkninger av marine AMP-er på bakteriemembraner allerede under screeningtrinnene i legemiddeloppdagelsen. <p>I artikkel I, som er en del av den pågående forskningen på antimikrobielle naturprodukter (NPs), ble BHCBene <i>Escherichia coli</i> (for Gram-negative) og <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (for Gram-positive) som bærer det bakterielle luciferase <i>lux</i>-operonet eller den eukaryote click beetle luciferasen lucGR, brukt til å studere virkningen av forbindelser ekstrahert fra den arktiske mosdyrarten Securiflustra securifrons på henholdsvis cellens levedyktighet og membranintegritet. En av dem, Securamine H, viste seg å hemme levedyktigheten til grampositive bakterier og redusere den metabolske aktiviteten til <i>B. subtilis</i>, men MoA til denne intracellulære aktiviteten må fortsatt identifiseres. <p>I artikkel II ble et nylig oppdaget reportergen, <i>unaG</i>, fra den japanske ålen <i>Anguilla japonicas</i> brukt til å utvikle en ny MoA-spesifikt BHCB for å undersøke den ytre membranens (YM) integritet hos Gram-negative bakterier. Vi brukte <i>E. coli</i>-vildtypestammen MC4100 og dens isogene YM-svekkede mutantstamme NR698 samt ulike YM-aktive forbindelser og sykliske marine AMP-derivater for å vise at opptaket av bilirubin, liganden til UnaG, og dermed fluorescens avhenger av en lekk YM. Disse egenskapene til UnaG-BR-paret kan brukes som en BHCB og et alternativ til de YM- integritetsanalysene som brukes i dag. <p>I artikkel III har reportergenet <i>unaG</i> blitt kombinert med luciferase-baserte reportersystemer i samme BHCB for å skille YM fra YM- og plasmamembran (PM)-forstyrrelser eller for å utføre samtidige målinger av cellelevedyktighet. Disse nye BHCB-ene gjør det mulig å evaluere YM og PM eller YM og levedyktighet i ett trinn. Marine AMP-er fra edderkoppkrabben <i>Hyas araneus</i> og fra den grønne kråkebollen <i>Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis</i> ble brukt til å studere deres innvirkning på bakteriemembraner. Centrocin HC har en sterk effekt på PM og YM hos <i>E. coli</i>, mens fragmentet Centrocin HC (1-20) viste mindre aktivitet mot PM og mer mot YM, mens kortere fragmenter forble helt inaktive. Dette indikerer at de fleste av de første 20 aminosyrene er nødvendige for å utvise YM- aktivitet, men ikke tilstrekkelige til å påvirke PM effektivt. Sistnevnte kan forklares med tapet av et positivt ladet arginin sammenlignet med peptidet i full lengde.en_US
dc.description.doctoraltypeph.d.en_US
dc.description.popularabstractBacterial infections today are more challenging due to widespread antibiotic resistance, thus the need for new antibiotics able to kill even resistant pathogens. Natural products from the marine environment are interesting candidates for development of future antibiotics as they often show specific activity against bacterial membranes, which are essential structures. Finding and identifying natural products with antibiotic activity can roughly be divided into two stages: 1. Chemical extraction and purification from marine organisms 2. Identification of the antibiotically active products. To identify membrane-active compounds, bacteria can be genetically manipulated into living sensors to emit light signals when they encounter membrane damage. In this thesis novel bacterial biosensors were genetically engineered to identify new antimicrobial compounds specifically disrupting one of two possible membranes in bacteria with the potential of becoming antibiotics of the future.en_US
dc.identifier.isbn978-82-8266-261-1
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/33610
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherUiT The Arctic University of Norwayen_US
dc.publisherUiT Norges arktiske universiteten_US
dc.relation.haspart<p>Paper I: Hansen, K.Ø., Hansen, I.K.Ø., Richard, C.S.M., Jenssen, M., Andersen, J.H. & Hansen, E.H. (2021). Antimicrobial Activity of Securamines from the Bryozoan <i>Securiflustra securifrons</i>. <i>Natural Product Communications, 16</i>(2). Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/21871>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/21871</a>. <p>Paper II: Richard, C.S.M., Dey, H., Øyen, F., Maqsood, M. & Blencke, H.M. (2023). Outer Membrane Integrity-Dependent Fluorescence of the Japanese Eel UnaG Protein in Live <i>Escherichia coli Cells</i>. <i>Biosensors, 13</i>(2), 232. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/30492>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/30492</a>. <p>Paper III: Richard, C.S.M., Dey, H., Murvold, E., Øyen, F., Li, C. & Blencke, H.M. Cloning of a dual biosensor relying on UnaG and luciferase for detection of outer and plasma membrane disruption and its application to characterizing the membranolytic effects of green sea urchin <i>Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis</i> Centroci-1-based antimicrobial peptides. (Manuscript)en_US
dc.rights.accessRightsopenAccessen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2024 The Author(s)
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0en_US
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)en_US
dc.subjectAntibiotic resistanceen_US
dc.subjectbacterial biosensoren_US
dc.subjectantimicrobial peptideen_US
dc.subjectnatural producten_US
dc.subjectdrug discoveryen_US
dc.subjectreporter geneen_US
dc.subjectmembraneen_US
dc.titleEngineering novel bacterial biosensors for the characterization of membrane active natural productsen_US
dc.typeDoctoral thesisen_US
dc.typeDoktorgradsavhandlingen_US


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