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dc.contributor.advisorEzat, Mohamed M.
dc.contributor.authorWestgård, Adele
dc.date.accessioned2025-08-04T10:46:37Z
dc.date.available2025-08-04T10:46:37Z
dc.date.embargoEndDate2027-08-13
dc.date.issued2025-08-13
dc.description.abstract<p>Rapid ongoing climate change includes warmer sea surface temperatures, salinity changes, reduced sea ice cover, and melting ice sheets in the polar regions. This has consequences for climate and society regionally and globally. However, there are large knowledge gaps regarding the sensitivity of these systems. Records of past changes in polar climate and ocean-cryosphere interactions can provide invaluable insight to the impacts of ongoing warming. The planktic foraminifer, <i>Neogloboquadrina pachyderma</i>, is a key species in high latitude marine ecosystems and integral for palaeoceanographic reconstructions of the subpolar and polar oceans. The composition of their calcium carbonate shells broadly reflects the conditions they grew in, e.g., shell Mg/Ca increases with temperature. The species exhibits a thick outer crust with significantly different element/Ca (e.g., lower Mg/Ca) compared to the inner lamellar calcite. This large intrashell variability combined with a lack of culture-based low temperature calibrations result in large uncertainties in Mg/Ca-based temperature reconstructions in the polar regions. In addition, there are currently no robust trace element proxies for reconstructing salinity or carbonate chemistry. <p>Results presented in this thesis are based on culture experiments of <i>N. pachyderma</i> in controlled conditions including temperature, salinity, and carbonate chemistry, and high-resolution shell element composition was obtained using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. The main outcomes of this study are: 1) <i>N. pachyderma</i> is a resilient species which utilise strategies such as dormancy and asexual reproduction to outlast unfavourable conditions; 2) A method was developed to geochemically distinguish the crust and lamellar calcite which revealed distinct differences in element/Ca between the two components; and 3) A cold water-tailored culture-based Mg/Ca-temperature calibration with separate regressions for the crust and lamellae, and refined understanding of environmental influences on shell composition. Overall, the methods presented in this thesis reduce uncertainties in high latitude palaeoenvironmental reconstructions towards better understanding of ocean-climate interactions.en_US
dc.description.abstract<p>Nåtidens raske klimaendringer leder til varmere havtemperaturer, endringer i saltholdighet, mindre havis, og smeltende innlandsis i polområdene. Dette har konsekvenser for klima og samfunn regionalt og globalt. Fremdeles er kunnskap om hvor sensitive disse systemene er mangelfull. Studier om endringer i klima og hav-kryosfære sammenkoblinger i polområdene i fortiden kan gi verdifull forståelse for konsekvensene av klimaendringene som skjer i nåtiden. Det planktoniske poredyret (foraminifer), <i>Neogloboquadrina pachyderma</i>, er en nøkkelart i marine økosystem i høyere breddegrader og er avgjørende for å rekonstruere paleoseanografi i polare og subpolare områder. Den kjemiske sammensetningen av poredyrenes kalsium-karbonat skjell reflekterer miljøet de vokste i, f.eks., med økende temperatur øker forholdet Mg/Ca. Arten bygger et tykt lag bestående av idiomorf kalsitt med ulik sammensetning (f.eks., lavere Mg/Ca) enn det indre finkrystallede lamellære laget. Denne store intra-skjell variasjonen kombinert med manglende kultiveringsbaserte kalibreringer, spesielt for lave temperaturer, resulterer i store usikkerheter i Mg/Ca-baserte temperaturrekonstruksjoner i polarområdene. I tillegg finnes det foreløpig ingen robuste metoder basert på sporstoffer for å rekonstruere saltholdighet eller karbonatkjemi. <p>Resultatene presentert i denne doktorgradsavhandlingen er basert på kultiveringseksperiment på <i>N. pachyderma</i> under kontrollerte forhold, inkludert temperatur, saltholdighet, og karbonatkjemi, samt høy-oppløst sammensetning av sporstoffer i skjellene deres målt med Laserablasjons Induktivt Koblet Plasma Massespektrometer. Hovedfunnene av denne studien er: 1) <i>N. pachyderma</i> er en tilpasningsdyktig art og utnytter dvale og aseksuell reproduksjon til å overleve ugunstige forhold; 2) En geokjemisk metode for å skille det ytre kalsitt-laget fra det lamellære laget ble utviklet og brukt til å vise tydelige forskjeller i sporstoff/Ca forholdene mellom de to lagene; og 3) en kultiveringsbasert Mg/Ca-temperaturkalibrering tilpasset kaldt vann med egne regresjonslinjer for hvert av de to skjell-lagene, og forbedret forståelse for miljøpåvirkninger på skjellenes sammensetning. Metodene presentert i denne avhandlingen forbedrer presisjon og nøyaktighet i paleoseanografiske rekonstruksjoner i høyere breddegrader.en_US
dc.description.doctoraltypeph.d.en_US
dc.description.popularabstractThe polar regions are important for global climate regulation but are highly sensitive to climate change. However, there are large uncertainties in understanding the ongoing accelerated changes in the polar oceans and their future development. Marine microfossils such as foraminifera are powerful tools for reconstructing the ocean’s history beyond the instrumental records, providing invaluable insight to understanding ongoing changes. However, there is a lack of methods suitable for reconstructing past changes in the polar oceans. The results of this PhD are based on laboratory experiments on the polar planktic foraminifera Neogloboquadrina pachyderma in controlled conditions. This work allowed the development of robust methods to study past changes in surface ocean in the polar regions. Further, the results provided new insights on the polar plankton biology and their responses to environmental changes. Overall, this PhD resulted in new and refined tools to study polar ocean dynamics.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipThe funding was provided through the ARCLIM project (Tromsø Forskningsstiftelse, #A31720). The project was affiliated with CAGE Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate (#223259, until February 2023) and iC3 Centre for ice, Cryosphere, Carbon and Climate (#332635, 2023-present), funded by the Norwegian Research Council through its centres of excellence scheme.en_US
dc.identifier.isbn978-82-8236-633-5 (electronic/pdf version).
dc.identifier.isbn978-82-8236-632-8 (printed version)
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/37897
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherUiT Norges arktiske universiteten_US
dc.publisherUiT The Arctic University of Norwayen_US
dc.relation.haspart<p>Paper I: Westgård, A., Ezat, M.M., Chalk, T.B., Chierici, M., Foster, G.L. & Meilland, J. (2023). Large-scale culturing of <i>Neogloboquadrina pachyderma</i>, its growth in, and tolerance of, variable environmental conditions. <i>Journal of Plankton Research, 45</i>(5), 732–745. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/30124>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/30124</a>. <p>Paper II: Westgård, A., Ezat, M.M., Sykes, F.E., Foster, G.L., Meilland, J., Chalk, T.B. & Milton, J.A. Laboratory-grown crust in planktic foraminifera <i>Neogloboquadrina pachyderma</i>; insights into resolving inaccuracies in polar palaeotemperature estimates. (In review). <p>Paper III: Westgård, A., Ezat, M.M., Sykes, F.E., Meilland, J., Chalk, T.B., Milton, J.A., Chierici, M. & Foster, G.L. Element/Ca sensitivity to environmental conditions and a new temperature calibration for the planktonic foraminifera <i>Neogloboquadrina pachyderma</i>. (Manuscript).en_US
dc.rights.accessRightsembargoedAccessen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2025 The Author(s)
dc.subjectpolar oceansen_US
dc.subjectforaminiferaen_US
dc.subjectclimate changeen_US
dc.subjectpalaeoceanographyen_US
dc.subjectgeochemistryen_US
dc.titleConstraining the environmental and biological controls on the geochemical composition of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma: Towards developing robust proxies for reconstructing polar surface ocean hydrographyen_US
dc.typeDoctoral thesisen_US
dc.typeDoktorgradsavhandlingen_US


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