Hydrogen production by electrolysis using renewable energy sources is essential for hydrogen to be able to contribute to the green energy transition. Producing the hydrogen on the site of use minimizes the transportation costs and footprint, and utilization of all by-products increases the electric efficiency of hydrogen production. During hydrogen production by electrolysis the chief part of energy ...

The partly ionized ionosphere responds differently to high power, high frequency radio waves based on the wave frequency, the wave power, the wave polarization, and the propagation angle relative to the magnetic field. Ionospheric modification experiments are conducted to investigate the responses and their dependencies, setting experimental constraints on the contributions from non-resonant collisional ...

The study of the ionosphere has been of central interest since its discovery in the early 20th century. In later decades there has been an increasing appreciation and need for understanding the spatial and temporal structure of the ionosphere and how the structure is affected by various processes in the atmosphere. An important process in this context is that of atmospheric gravity waves ...

The first high-frequency (HF, 8 MHz) observations of the modulation of polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSE) by artificial radio heating of the ionosphere are presented and compared to observations at 224 MHz and model predictions. The experiments were performed at the European Incoherent Scatter facility in northern Norway. It is shown that model results are in qualitative and partial quantitative ...

EISCAT VHF radar data are used for observing, monitoring, and understanding Earth’s upper atmosphere. This paper presents an approach to segment Polar Mesospheric Summer Echoes (PMSE) from datasets obtained from EISCAT VHF radar data. The data consist of 30 observations days, corresponding to 56,250 data samples. We manually labeled the data into three different categories: PMSE, Ionospheric ...

<p>The boundary region of magnetically confined plasmas is well known to have inherently fluctuating parameters. Advances in experimental measurements and numerical computations have revealed that the fluctuation-driven transport of particles and heat across the magnetic field lines is mainly dominated by the radial motion of blob-like filament structures. These structures, which are localized in ...

The ongoing reduction in extent and thickness of sea ice in the Arctic might result in an increase of oil spill risk due to the expansion of shipping activity and oil exploration shift towards higher latitudes. This work assessed the response of two oil-in-ice surface drift models implemented in an open-source Lagrangian framework. By considering two numerical modeling experiments, our main finding ...

We report measurements of atomic sodium, iron and temperature in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) made by ground-based lidars at the ALOMAR observatory (69°N, 16°E) during a major sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) event that occurred in January 2009. The high resolution temporal observations allow the responses of the Na and Fe layers to the SSW at high northern latitudes to be ...

A Mach-Zehnder interferometer assisted ring resonator configuration (MARC)-based multiplexed photonic sensor with a large measurement range is experimentally demonstrated. The presented MARC sensor consists of a balanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer and a ring resonator acting as a sensing component. It produces transmission responses with unique spectral signatures, which depend on the physical ...

Bacteria are the planet’s oldest and the most common life forms. Bacteria have developed alongside humans and are good and harmful to our health. Our bodies contain nearly ten times the number of bacteria as human cells, and this natural microbiota is critical for appropriate development, nutrition, and disease resistance. Unfortunately, we live in an environment rich with bacteria that may cause ...