dc.contributor.author | Lembrechts, Jonas J. | |
dc.contributor.author | van den Hoogen, Johan | |
dc.contributor.author | Aalto, Juha | |
dc.contributor.author | Ashcroft, Michael B. | |
dc.contributor.author | De Frenne, Pieter | |
dc.contributor.author | Kemppinen, Julia | |
dc.contributor.author | Kopecký, Martin | |
dc.contributor.author | Luoto, Miska | |
dc.contributor.author | Maclean, Ilya M. D. | |
dc.contributor.author | Crowther, Thomas W. | |
dc.contributor.author | Bailey, Joseph J. | |
dc.contributor.author | Haesen, Stef | |
dc.contributor.author | Klinges, David H. | |
dc.contributor.author | Niittynen, Pekka | |
dc.contributor.author | Scheffers, Brett R. | |
dc.contributor.author | Van Meerbeek, Koenraad | |
dc.contributor.author | Aartsma, Peter | |
dc.contributor.author | Abdalaze, Otar | |
dc.contributor.author | Abedi, Mehdi | |
dc.contributor.author | Aerts, Rien | |
dc.contributor.author | Ahmadian, Negar | |
dc.contributor.author | Ahrends, Antje | |
dc.contributor.author | Alatalo, Juha M. | |
dc.contributor.author | Alexander, Jake M. | |
dc.contributor.author | Altman, Jan | |
dc.contributor.author | Allonsius, Camille Nina | |
dc.contributor.author | Ammann, Christof | |
dc.contributor.author | Andres, Christian | |
dc.contributor.author | Andrews, Christopher | |
dc.contributor.author | Ardö, Jonas | |
dc.contributor.author | Arriga, Nicola | |
dc.contributor.author | Arzac, Alberto | |
dc.contributor.author | Aschero, Valeria | |
dc.contributor.author | Leandro de Assis, Rafael | |
dc.contributor.author | Bjerke, Jarle W. | |
dc.contributor.author | Cooper, Elisabeth J. | |
dc.contributor.author | Graae, Bente Jessen | |
dc.contributor.author | Rechsteiner, Aud Helen Halbritter | |
dc.contributor.author | Haugum, Siri Vatsø | |
dc.contributor.author | Lang, Simone | |
dc.contributor.author | Lynn, Joshua Scott | |
dc.contributor.author | Moriana Armendariz, Mikel | |
dc.contributor.author | Petit Bon, Matteo | |
dc.contributor.author | Smith, Stuart | |
dc.contributor.author | Sørensen, Mia Vedel | |
dc.contributor.author | Speed, James David Mervyn | |
dc.contributor.author | Vandvik, Vigdis | |
dc.contributor.author | Wedegärtner, Ronja Elisabeth Magdalene | |
dc.contributor.author | Nijs, Ivan | |
dc.contributor.author | Lenoir, Jonathan | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2022-03-08T13:20:27Z | |
dc.date.available | 2022-03-08T13:20:27Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2021-12-29 | |
dc.description.abstract | Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km² pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the world’s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications. | en_US |
dc.description.sponsorship | EU | en_US |
dc.identifier.citation | Lembrechts JJ, van den Hoogen, Aalto J, Ashcroft MB, De Frenne P, Kemppinen J, Kopecký M, Luoto M, Maclean IMD, Crowther TW, Bailey, Haesen S, Klinges, Niittynen P, Scheffers BR, Van Meerbeek K, Aartsma P, Abdalaze, Abedi M, Aerts R, Ahmadian, Ahrends, Alatalo JM, Alexander JM, Altman, Allonsius, Ammann C, Andres, Andrews C, Ardö J, Arriga N, Arzac, Aschero, Leandro de Assis, Bjerke JW, Cooper E.J., Graae BJ, Rechsteiner, Haugum SV, Lang S, Lynn J, Moriana Armendariz M, Petit Bon M, Smith W, Sørensen MV, Speed JDM, Vandvik V, Wedegärtner REM, Nijs I, Lenoir J. Global maps of soil temperature. Global Change Biology. 2021 | en_US |
dc.identifier.cristinID | FRIDAID 1975251 | |
dc.identifier.doi | 10.1111/gcb.16060 | |
dc.identifier.issn | 1354-1013 | |
dc.identifier.issn | 1365-2486 | |
dc.identifier.uri | https://hdl.handle.net/10037/24329 | |
dc.language.iso | eng | en_US |
dc.publisher | Wiley & Sons Ltd. | en_US |
dc.relation.journal | Global Change Biology | |
dc.relation.projectID | info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/678841/EU/Novel interactions and species’ responses to climate change/NICH/ | en_US |
dc.relation.projectID | info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/Societal Challenges/774124/EU/Developing SUstainable PERmanent Grassland systems and policies/Super-G/ | en_US |
dc.relation.projectID | info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H020/657627/EU/Permafrost thaw – decadal responses to climate change/PERMTHAW/ | en_US |
dc.relation.projectID | info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/871128/EU/European long-term ecosystem, critical zone and socio-ecological systems research infrastructure PLUS/eLTER PLUS/ | en_US |
dc.relation.projectID | info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/FP6/17841/EU/The nitrogen cycle and its influence on the European greenhouse gas balance/NITROEUROPE IP/ | en_US |
dc.relation.projectID | info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/FP7/282910/EU/Effects of Climate Change on Air Pollution Impacts and Response Strategies for European Ecosystems/ECLAIRE/ | en_US |
dc.relation.projectID | info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/641918/EU/Linking biodiversity, ecosystem functions and services in the Great Serengeti-Mara Ecosystem (GSME) - drivers of change, causalities and sustainable management strategies/AfricanBioServices/ | en_US |
dc.relation.projectID | info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/ERC/757833/EU/Microclimatic buffering of plant responses to macroclimate warming in temperate forests/FORMICA/ | en_US |
dc.relation.projectID | info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/FP7/609033/EU/Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies/AIAS/ | en_US |
dc.relation.projectID | info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/861974/EU/SYNERGISTIC USE AND PROTECTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES FOR RURAL LIVELIHOODS THROUGH SYSTEMATIC INTEGRATION OF CROPS, SHRUBS AND LIVESTOCK IN THE SAHEL/SustainSAHEL/ | en_US |
dc.relation.projectID | info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/727715/EU/A long term EU-Africa research and innovation partnership on food and nutrition security and sustainable agriculture/LEAP-AGRI/ | en_US |
dc.relation.projectID | info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/818194/EU/Digitisation: Economic and Social Impacts in Rural Areas/DESIRA/ | en_US |
dc.rights.accessRights | openAccess | en_US |
dc.rights.holder | Copyright 2021 The Author(s) | en_US |
dc.subject | VDP::Matematikk og naturvitenskap: 400::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480 | en_US |
dc.subject | VDP::Mathematics and natural scienses: 400::Zoology and botany: 480 | en_US |
dc.title | Global maps of soil temperature | en_US |
dc.type.version | publishedVersion | en_US |
dc.type | Journal article | en_US |
dc.type | Tidsskriftartikkel | en_US |
dc.type | Peer reviewed | en_US |