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Trading off regional and overall energy system design flexibility in the net-zero transition

Permanent link
https://hdl.handle.net/10037/36976
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-025-01556-2
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Date
2025
Type
Journal article
Tidsskriftartikkel
Peer reviewed

Author
van Greevenbroek, Koen; Grochowicz, Aleksander; Zeyringer, Marianne; Benth, Fred Espen
Abstract
Thetransitiontonet-zeroemissionsinEuropeisdeterminedbyapatchworkofcountry-levelandEUwide policy, creating coordination challenges in an interconnected system. We use an optimisation model to mapoutnear-optimal energy system designs for 2050, focussing on the planning flexibility of individual regions while maintaining overall system robustness against different weather years, cost assumptions, and land use limitations. Our results reveal extensive flexibility at a regional level, where only few technologies (solar around the Adriatic and wind on the British Isles and in Germany) cannot be substituted. National policymakers can influence renewable energy export and hydrogen strategies significantly, provided they coordinate this with the remaining European system. However, stronger commitment to solar in Southern Europe and Germany unlocks more design options for Europe overall. These results on regional trade-offs facilitate more meaningful policy discussions which are crucial in the transition to a sustainable energy system.
Publisher
Springer Nature
Citation
van Greevenbroek, Grochowicz, Zeyringer, Benth. Trading off regional and overall energy system design flexibility in the net-zero transition. Nature Sustainability. 2025
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