Artificial Intelligence to Improve Clinical Coding Practice in Scandinavia: Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract

Background: Clinical coding is critical for hospital reimbursement, quality assessment, and health care planning. In Scandinavia, however, coding is often done by junior doctors or medical secretaries, leading to high rates of coding errors. Artificial intelligence (AI) tools, particularly semiautomatic computer-assisted coding tools, have the potential to reduce the excessive burden of administrative and clinical documentation. To date, much of what we know regarding these tools comes from lab-based evaluations, which often fail to account for real-world complexity and variability in clinical text.<p>

<p>Objective: This study aims to investigate whether an AI tool developed by by Norwegian Centre for E-health Research at the University Hospital of North Norway, Easy-ICD (International Classification of Diseases), can enhance clinical coding practices by reducing coding time and improving data quality in a realistic setting. We specifically examined whether improvements differ between long and short clinical notes, defined by word count.<p>

<p>Methods: An AI tool, Easy-ICD, was developed to assist clinical coders and was tested for improving both accuracy and time in a 1:1 crossover randomized controlled trial conducted in Sweden and Norway. Participants were randomly assigned to 2 groups (Sequence AB or BA), and crossed over between coding longer texts (Period 1; mean 307, SD 90; words) versus shorter texts (Period 2; mean 166, SD 55; words), while using our tool versus not using our tool. This was a purely web-based trial, where participants were recruited through email. Coding time and accuracy were logged and analyzed using Mann-Whitney U tests for each of the 2 periods independently, due to differing text lengths in each period.<p>

<p>Results:: The trial had 17 participants enrolled, but only data from 15 participants (300 coded notes) were analyzed, excluding 2 incomplete records. Based on the Mann-Whitney U test, the median coding time difference for longer clinical text sequences was 123 seconds (P<.001, 95% CI 81-164), representing a 46% reduction in median coding time when our tool was used. For shorter clinical notes, the median time difference of 11 seconds was not significant (P=.25, 95% CI −34 to 8). Coding accuracy improved with Easy-ICD for both longer (62% vs 67%) and shorter clinical notes (60% vs 70%), but these differences were not statistically significant (P=.50and P=.17, respectively). User satisfaction ratings (submitted for 37% of cases) showed slightly higher approval for the tool’s suggestions on longer clinical notes.<p>

<p>Conclusions: This study demonstrates the potential of AI to transform common tasks in clinical workflows, with ostensible positive impacts on work efficiencies for clinical coding tasks with more demanding longer text sequences. Further studies within hospital workflows are required before these presumed impacts can be more clearly understood.