• Exposure to bacterial products lipopolysaccharide and flagellin and hepatocellular carcinoma: A nested case-control study 

      Fedirko, Veronika; Tran, Hao Quang; Gewirtz, Andrew T.; Stepien, Magdalena; Trichopoulou, Antonia; Aleksandrova, Krasimira; Olsen, Anja; Tjønneland, Anne; Overvad, Kim; Carbonnel, Franck; Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine; Severi, Gianluca; Kühn, Tilman; Kaaks, Rudolf; Boeing, Heiner; Bamia, Christina; Lagiou, Pagona; Grioni, Sara; Panico, Salvatore; Palli, Domenico; Tumino, Rosario; Naccarati, Alessio; Peeters, Petra H.; Bueno-De-Mesquita, Hendrik Bastiaan; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Castaño, José María Huerta; Barricarte, Aurelio; Sánchez, María-José; Dorronsoro, Miren; Quirós, José Ramón; Agudo, Antonio; Sjöberg, Klas; Ohlsson, Bodil; Hemmingsson, Oskar; Werner, Mårten; Bradbury, Kathryn E.; Khaw, Kay-Tee; Wareham, Nick; Tsilidis, Konstantinos K.; Aune, Dagfinn; Scalbert, Augustin; Romieu, Isabelle; Riboli, Elio; Jenab, Mazda (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2017-04-04)
      Background:<br>Leakage of bacterial products across the gut barrier may play a role in liver diseases which often precede the development of liver cancer. However, human studies, particularly from prospective settings, are lacking.<br>Methods:<br>We used a case-control study design nested within a large prospective cohort to assess the association between circulating levels of anti-lipopolysaccharide ...
    • Food biodiversity and total and cause-specific mortality in 9 European countries: An analysis of a prospective cohort study 

      Hanley-Cook, Giles T.; Huybrechts, Inge; Biessy, Carine; Remans, Roseline; Kennedy, Gina; Deschasaux-Tanguy, Mélanie; Murray, Kris A.; Touvier, Mathilde; Skeie, Guri; Kesse-Guyot, Emmanuelle; Argaw, Alemayehu; Casagrande, Corinne; Nicolas, Geneviève; Vineis, Paolo; Millett, Christopher J.; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Ferrari, Pietro; Dahm, Christina C.; Bueno-De-Mesquita, H. Bas; Sandanger, Torkjel M; Ibsen, Daniel B.; Freisling, Heinz; Ramne, Stina; Jannasch, Franziska; van der Schouw, Yvonne T.; Schulze, Matthias B.; Tsilidis, Konstantinos K.; Tjønneland, Anne; Ardanaz, Eva; Bodén, Stina; Cirera, Lluís; Gargano, Giuliana; Halkjær, Jytte; Jakszyn, Paula; Johansson, Ingegerd; Katzke, Verena; Masala, Giovanna; Panico, Salvatore; Rodriguez-Barranco, Miguel; Sacerdote, Carlotta; Srour, Bernard; Tumino, Rosario; Riboli, Elio; Gunter, Marc J.; Jones, Andrew D.; Lachat, Carl (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2021-10-18)
      Background<p> <p>Food biodiversity, encompassing the variety of plants, animals, and other organisms consumed as food and drink, has intrinsic potential to underpin diverse, nutritious diets and improve Earth system resilience. Dietary species richness (DSR), which is recommended as a crosscutting measure of food biodiversity, has been positively associated with the micronutrient adequacy of diets ...
    • Genetic variation in the ADIPOQ gene, adiponectin concentrations and risk of colorectal cancer: a Mendelian Randomization analysis using data from three large cohort studies 

      Nimptsch, Katharina; Song, Mingyang; Aleksandrova, Krasimira; Katsoulis, Michail; Freisling, Heinz; Jenab, Mazda; Gunter, Marc J.; Tsilidis, Konstantinos K.; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Bueno-De-Mesquita, Hendrik Bastiaan; Chong, Dawn Q.; Jensen, Majken K.; Wu, Chunsen; Overvad, Kim; Kühn, Tilman; Barrdahl, Myrto; Melander, Olle; Jirström, Karin; Peeters, Petra H.; Sieri, Sabina; Panico, Salvatore; Cross, Amanda J.; Riboli, Elio; van Guelpen, Bethany; Myte, Robin; Huerta, José María; Rodriguez-Barranco, Miguel; Quirós, José Ramón; Dorronsoro, Miren; Tjønneland, Anne; Olsen, Anja; Travis, Ruth; Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine; Carbonnel, Franck; Severi, Gianluca; Bonet, Catalina; Palli, Domenico; Janke, Jürgen; Lee, Young-Ae; Boeing, Heiner; Giovannucci, Edward L.; Ogino, Shuji; Fuchs, Charles S.; Rimm, Eric; Wu, Kana; Chan, Andrew T.; Pischon, Tobias (Journal article; Manuskript; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed; Preprint, 2017-05-26)
      Higher levels of circulating adiponectin have been related to lower risk of colorectal cancer in several prospective cohort studies, but it remains unclear whether this association may be causal. We aimed to improve causal inference in a Mendelian Randomization meta-analysis using nested case–control studies of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC, 623 cases, 623 ...
    • Lifetime alcohol intake, drinking patterns over time and risk of stomach cancer: A pooled analysis of data from two prospective cohort studies 

      Jayasekara, Harindra; MacInnis, Robert J.; Lujan-Barroso, Leila; Mayen-Chacon, Ana-Lucia; Cross, Amanda J.; Wallner, Bengt; Palli, Domenico; Ricceri, Fulvio; Pala, Valeria; Panico, Salvatore; Tumino, Rosario; Kühn, Tilman; Kaaks, Rudolf; Tsilidis, Konstantinos K.; Sánchez, Maria-Jose; Amiano, Pilar; Ardanaz, Eva; Chirlaque López, María Dolores; Merino, Susana; Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine; Severi, Gianluca; Sternby, Hanna; Sonestedt, Emily; Bueno-de-Mesquita, Bas; Boeing, Heiner; Travis, Ruth C.; Sandanger, Torkjel M; Trichopoulou, Antonia; Karakatsani, Anna; Peppa, Eleni; Tjønneland, Anne; Yang, Yi; Hodge, Allison M.; Mitchell, Hazel; Haydon, Andrew; Room, R; Hopper, John L.; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Gunter, Marc J.; Riboli, Elio; Giles, Graham G.; Milne, Roger L.; Agudo, Antonio; English, Dallas R.; Ferrari, Pietro (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2021-02-07)
      Alcohol consumption is causally linked to several cancers but the evidence for stomach cancer is inconclusive. In our study, the association between long-term alcohol intake and risk of stomach cancer and its subtypes was evaluated. We performed a pooled analysis of data collected at baseline from 491 714 participants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition and the Melbourne ...
    • Metabolic signatures of greater body size and their associations with risk of colorectal and endometrial cancers in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition 

      Kliemann, Nathalie; Viallon, Vivian; Murphy, Neil; Beeken, Rebecca J.; Rothwell, Joseph A.; Rinaldi, Sabina; Assi, Nada; van Roekel, Eline H.; Schmidt, Julie A.; Borch, Kristin Benjaminsen; Agnoli, Claudia; Rosendahl, Ann H.; Sartor, Hanna; Huerta, José María; Tjønneland, Anne; Halkjær, Jytte; Bueno-de-Mesquita, Bas; Gicquiau, Audrey; Achaintre, David; Aleksandrova, Krasimira; Schulze, Matthias B.; Heath, Alicia K.; Tsilidis, Konstantinos K.; Masala, Giovanna; Panico, Salvatore; Kaaks, Rudolf; Fortner, Renée T.; Van Guelpen, Bethany; Dossus, Laure; Scalbert, Augustin; Keun, Hector C.; Travis, Ruth C.; Jenab, Mazda; Johansson, Mattias; Ferrari, Pietro; Gunter, Marc J. (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2021-04-30)
      Background: The mechanisms underlying the obesity-cancer relationship are incompletely understood. This study aimed to characterise metabolic signatures of greater body size and to investigate their association with two obesity-related malignancies, endometrial and colorectal cancers, and with weight loss within the context of an intervention study.<p> <p>Methods: Targeted mass spectrometry ...
    • Modifiable causes of premature death in middle-age in Western Europe: Results from the EPIC cohort study 

      Muller, David C.; Murphy, Neil; Johansson, Mattias; Ferrari, Pietro; Tsilidis, Konstantinos K.; Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine; Clavel, Francoise; Dartois, Laureen; Li, Kuanrong; Kaaks, Rudolf; Weikert, Cornelia; Bergmann, Manuela; Boeing, Heiner; Tjønneland, Anne; Overvad, Kim; Redondo, María-Luisa; Agudo, Antonio; Molina-Portillo, Elena; Altzibar, Jone M.; Cirera, Lluis; Ardanaz, Eva; Khaw, Kay-Tee; Wareham, Nicholas J.; Key, Timothy J.; Travis, Ruth C.; Bamia, Christina; Orfanos, Philippos; Trichopoulou, Antonia; Palli, Domenico; Pala, Valeria; Tumino, Rosario; Vineis, Paolo; Panico, Salvatore; Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. Bas; Verschuren, W.M. Monique; Struijk, Ellen A.; Peeters, Petra H.; Engström, Gunnar; Melander, Olle; Sund, Malin; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Skeie, Guri; Lund, Eiliv; Norat, Teresa; Gunter, Marc; Riboli, Elio; Brennan, Paul (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2016-06-14)
      Background<br> Life expectancy is increasing in Europe, yet a substantial proportion of adults still die prematurely before the age of 70 years. We sought to estimate the joint and relative contributions of tobacco smoking, hypertension, obesity, physical inactivity, alcohol and poor diet towards risk of premature death.<br> Methods<br> We analysed data from 264,906 European adults from the ...
    • Multiple miscarriages are associated with the risk of ovarian cancer: results from the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition 

      Braem, Marieke G.M.; Onland-Moret, N. Charlotte; Schouten, Leo J; Kruitwagen, Roy F.P.M.; Lukanova, Annekatrin; Allen, Naomi E.; Wark, Petra A.; Tjønneland, Anne; Hansen, Louise; Braüner, Christina Marie; Overvad, Kim; Clavel-Chapelon, Françoise; Chabbert-Buffet, Nathalie; Teucher, Birgit; Floegel, Anna; Boeing, Heiner; Trichopoulou, Antonia; Adarakis, George; Plada, Maria; Rinaldi, Sabina; Fedirko, Veronika; Romieu, Isabelle; Pala, Valeria; Galasso, Rocco; Sacerdote, Carlotta; Palli, Domenico; Tumino, Rosario; Bueno-De-Mesquita, H. Bas; Gram, Inger Torhild; Gavrilyuk, Oxana; Lund, Eiliv; Sanchez, Maria-José; Bonet, Catalina; Chirlaque, María Dolores; Larranaga, Nerea; Gurrea, Aurelio Barricarte; Quirós, José R.; Idahl, Annika; Ohlson, Nina; Lundin, Eva; Jirström, Karin; Butt, Salma; Tsilidis, Konstantinos K.; Khaw, Kay-Tee; Wareham, Nick; Riboli, Elio; Kaaks, Rudolf; Peeters, Petra H.M. (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2012)
      While the risk of ovarian cancer clearly reduces with each full-term pregnancy, the effect of incomplete pregnancies is unclear. We investigated whether incomplete pregnancies (miscarriages and induced abortions) are associated with risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. This observational study was carried out in female participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition ...
    • Nut intake and 5-year changes in body weight and obesity risk in adults: results from the EPIC-PANACEA study 

      Freisling, Heinz; Noh, Hwayoung; Slimani, Nadia; Chajès, Véronique; May, Anne M.; Peeters, Petra H; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Cross, Amanda J.; Skeie, Guri; Jenab, Mazda; Mancini, Francesca Romana; Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine; Fagherazzi, Guy; Katzke, Verena A.; Kühn, Tilman; Steffen, Annika; Boeing, Heiner; Tjønneland, Anne; Kyrø, Cecilie; Hansen, Camilla P.; Overvad, Kim; Duell, Eric J.; Redondo-Sánchez, Daniel; Amiano, Pilar; Navarro, Carmen; Barricarte, Aurelio; Perez-Cornago, Aurora; Tsilidis, Konstantinos K.; Aune, Dagfinn; Ward, Heather; Trichopoulou, Antonia; Naska, Androniki; Orfanos, Philippos; Masala, Giovanna; Agnoli, Claudia; Berrino, Franco; Tumino, Rosario; Sacerdote, Carlotta; Mattiello, Amalia; Bueno-De-Mesquita, Hendrik Bastiaan; Ericson, Ulrika; Sonestedt, Emily; Winkvist, Anna; Braaten, Tonje; Romieu, Isabelle; Sabaté, Joan (Journal article; Manuskript; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed; Preprint, 2017-07-21)
      <p><i>Purpose</i>: There is inconsistent evidence regarding the relationship between higher intake of nuts, being an energy-dense food, and weight gain. We investigated the relationship between nut intake and changes in weight over 5 years.</p> <p><i>Methods</i>: This study includes 373,293 men and women, 25–70 years old, recruited between 1992 and 2000 from 10 European countries in the European ...
    • Nutrient-wide association study of 92 foods and nutrients and breast cancer risk 

      Heath, Alicia K.; Muller, David C.; van den Brandt, Piet A.; Papadimitriou, Nikos; Critselis, Elena; Gunter, Marc; Vineis, Paolo; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Fagherazzi, Guy; Boeing, Heiner; Ferrari, Pietro; Olsen, Anja; Tjønneland, Anne; Arveux, Patrick; Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine; Mancini, Francesca Romana; Kuhn, Tilman; Turzanski-Fortner, Renee; Schulze, Matthias B.; Karakatsani, Anna; Thriskos, Paschalis; Thrichopoulou, Antonia; Masala, Giovanna; Contiero, Paolo; Ricceri, Fulvio; Panico, Salvatore; Bueno-De-Mesquita, Bas; Bakker, Marije F.; van Gils, Carla H.; Olsen, Karina Standahl; Skeie, Guri; Lasheras, Cristina; Agudo, Antonio; Rodrigues-Barranco, Miguel; Sánchez, Maria-José; Amiano, Pilar; Chirlaque, María-Dolores; Barricarte, Aurelio; Drake, Isabel; Ericson, Ulrika; Johansson, Ingegerd; Winkvist, Anna; Key, Tim; Freisling, Heinz; His, Mathilde; Huybrechts, Inge; Christakoudi, Sofia; Ellingjord-Dale, Merete; Riboli, Elio; Tsilidis, Konstantinos K.; Tzoulaki, Ioanna (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2020-01-13)
      <i>Background</i> - Several dietary factors have been reported to be associated with risk of breast cancer, but to date, unequivocal evidence only exists for alcohol consumption. We sought to systematically assess the association between intake of 92 foods and nutrients and breast cancer risk using a nutrient-wide association study.<p> <p><i>Methods</i> - Using data from 272,098 women ...
    • Nutritional quality of food as represented by the FSAm-NPS nutrient profiling system underlying the Nutri-Score label and cancer risk in Europe: Results from the EPIC prospective cohort study 

      Deschasaux, Mélanie; Huybrechts, Inge; Murphy, Neil; Julia, Chantal; Hercberg, Serge; Srour, Bernard; Kesse-Guyot, Emmanuelle; Latino-Martel, Paule; Biessy, Carine; Casagrande, Corinne; Jenab, Mazda; Ward, Heather; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Dahm, Christina C.; Overvad, Kim; Kyrø, Cecilie; Olsen, Anja; Affret, Aurélie; Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine; Mahamat-Saleh, Yahya; Kaaks, Rudolf; Kühn, Tilman; Boeing, Heiner; Schwingshackl, Lukas; Bamia, Christina; Peppa, Eleni; Trichopoulou, Antonia; Masala, Giovanna; Krogh, Vittorio; Panico, Salvatore; Tumino, Rosario; Sacerdote, Carlotta; Bueno-De-Mesquita, Hendrik Bastiaan; Peeters, Petra H.; Hjartåker, Anette; Rylander, Charlotta; Skeie, Guri; Ramõn Quirõs, Jose; Jakszyn, Paula; Salamanca-Fernández, Elena; Huerta, José María; Ardanaz, Eva; Amiano, Pilar; Ericson, Ulrika; Sonestedt, Emily; Huseinovic, Ena; Johansson, Ingegerd; Khaw, Kay-Tee; Wareham, Nick; Bradbury, Kathryn E.; Perez-Cornago, Aurora; Tsilidis, Konstantinos K.; Ferrari, Pietro; Riboli, Elio; Gunter, Mark J.; Touvier, Mathilde (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2018-09-18)
      <p><i>Background - </i>Helping consumers make healthier food choices is a key issue for the prevention of cancer and other diseases. In many countries, political authorities are considering the implementation of a simplified labelling system to reflect the nutritional quality of food products. The Nutri-Score, a five-colour nutrition label, is derived from the Nutrient Profiling System of the British ...
    • Prospective analysis of circulating metabolites and breast cancer in EPIC 

      His, Mathilde; Viallon, Vivian; Dossus, Laure; Gicquiau, Audrey; Achaintre, David; Scalbert, Augustin; Ferrari, Pietro; Romieu, Isabelle; Onland-Moret, N. Charlotte; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Dahm, Christina C.; Overvad, Kim; Olsen, Anja; Tjønneland, Anne; Fournier, Agnès; Rothwell, Joseph A.; Severi, Gianluca; Kühn, Tilman; Fortner, Renée Turzanski; Boeing, Heiner; Trichopoulou, Antonia; Karakatsani, Anna; Martimianaki, Georgia; Masala, Giovanna; Sieri, Sabina; Tumino, Rosario; Vineis, Paolo; Panico, Salvatore; van Gils, Carla H.; Nøst, Therese Haugdahl; Sandanger, Torkjel M; Skeie, Guri; Quirós, José Ramón; Agudo, Antonio; Sánchez, María-José; Amiano, Pilar; Huerta, José María; Ardanaz, Eva; Schmidt, Julie A.; Travis, Ruth C.; Riboli, Elio; Tsilidis, Konstantinos K.; Christakoudi, Sofia; Gunter, Mark J.; Rinaldi, Sabina (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2019-09-24)
      <i>Background</i> - Metabolomics is a promising molecular tool to identify novel etiologic pathways leading to cancer. Using a targeted approach, we prospectively investigated the associations between metabolite concentrations in plasma and breast cancer risk.<p> <p><i>Methods</i> - A nested case-control study was established within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer cohort, which ...
    • Prospective analysis of circulating metabolites and endometrial cancer risk 

      Dossus, Laure; Kouloura, Eirini; Biessy, Carine; Viallon, Vivian; Siskos, Alexandros P.; Dimou, Niki; Rinaldi, Sabina; Merritt, Melissa A.; Allen, Naomi E.; Fortner, Renée T.; Kaaks, Rudolf; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Gram, Inger Torhild; Rothwell, Joseph A.; Lécuyer, Lucie; Severi, Gianluca; Schulze, Matthias B.; Nøst, Therese Haugdahl; Crous-Bou, Marta; Sánchez, Maria-Jose; Amiano, Pilar; Colorado-Yohar, Sandra; Barricarte, Aurelio; Schmidt, Julie A.; Palli, Domenico; Agnoli, Claudia; Tumino, Rosario; Sacerdote, Carlotta; Mattiello, Amalia; Vermeulen, Roel; Heath, Alicia K.; Christakoudi, Sofia; Tsilidis, Konstantinos K.; Travis, Ruth C.; Gunter, Marc J.; Keun, Hector C. (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2021-06-05)
      Background. Endometrial cancer is strongly associated with obesity and dysregulation of metabolic factors such as estrogen and insulin signaling are causal risk factors for this malignancy. To identify additional novel metabolic pathways associated with endometrial cancer we performed metabolomic analyses on pre-diagnostic plasma samples from 853 case-control pairs from the European Prospective ...
    • A Prospective Diet-Wide Association Study for Risk of Colorectal Cancer in EPIC 

      Papadimitriou, Nikos; Bouras, Emmanouil; van den Brandt, Piet A.; Muller, David C.; Papadopoulou, Areti; Heath, Alicia K.; Critselis, Elena; Gunter, Marc; Vineis, Paolo; Ferrari, Pietro; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Boeing, Heiner; Bastide, Nadia; Merritt, Melissa A.; Lopez, David S.; Bergmann, Manuela M.; Perez-Cornago, Aurora; Schulze, Matthias; Skeie, Guri; Srour, Bernard; Eriksen, Anne Kirstine; Boden, Stina; Johansson, Ingegerd; Nøst, Therese Haugdahl; Lukic, Marko; Ricceri, Fulvio; Ericson, Ulrika; Huerta, José-Maria; Dahm, Christina C.; Agnoli, Claudia; Amiano, Pilar; Tjønneland, Anne; Barricarte, Aurelio; Bueno-de-Mesquita, Bas; Ardanaz, Eva; Berntsson, Jonna; Sánchez, Maria-Jose; Tumino, Rosario; Panico, Salvatore; Katzke, Verena; Jakszyn, Paula; Masala, Giovanna; Derksen, Jeroen W.G.; Quirós, J. Ramón; Severi, Gianluca; Cross, Amanda J.; Riboli, Ellio; Tzoulaki, Ioanna; Tsilidis, Konstantinos K. (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2021-04-24)
      Background & Aims - Evidence regarding the association of dietary exposures with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk is not consistent with a few exceptions. Therefore, we conducted a diet-wide association study (DWAS) in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) to evaluate the associations between several dietary exposures with CRC risk.<p> <p>Methods - The association ...
    • Vitamin D-related genes, blood vitamin D levels and colorectal cancer risk in Western European populations 

      Fedirko, Veronika; Mandle, Hannah B.; Zhu, Wanzhe; Hughes, David J.; Siddiq, Afshan; Ferrari, Pietro; Romieu, Isabelle; Riboli, Elio; Bueno-de-Mesquita, Hendrik Bastiaan; van Duijnhoven, Fränzel J.B.; Siersema, Peter D.; Tjønneland, Anne; Olsen, Anja; Perduca, Vittorio; Carbonnel, Franck; Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine; Kühn, Tilman; Johnson, Theron; Krasimira, Aleksandrova; Trichopoulou, Antonia; Makrythanasis, Periklis; Thanos, Dimitris; Panico, Salvatore; Krogh, Vittorio; Sacerdote, Carlotta; Skeie, Guri; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Colorado-Yohar, Sandra; Sala, Núria; Barricarte, Aurelio; Sánchez, María-José; Quirós, Ramón; Amiano, Pilar; Gylling, Björn; Harlid, Sophia; Perez-Cornago, Aurora; Heath, Alicia K.; Tsilidis, Konstantinos K.; Aune, Dagfinn; Freisling, Heinz; Murphy, Neil; Gunter, Marc J.; Jenab, Mazda (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2019-08-20)
      Higher circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (25(OH)D) have been found to be associated with lower risk for colorectal cancer (CRC) in prospective studies. Whether this association is modified by genetic variation in genes related to vitamin D metabolism and action has not been well studied in humans. We investigated 1307 functional and tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; individually, ...