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dc.contributor.authorIversen, Marianne
dc.contributor.authorGrønsberg, Idun
dc.contributor.authorvan den Berg, Jonnie
dc.contributor.authorFischer, Klara
dc.contributor.authorAheto, Denis Worlanyo
dc.contributor.authorBøhn, Thomas
dc.date.accessioned2016-02-23T11:06:27Z
dc.date.available2016-02-23T11:06:27Z
dc.date.issued2014-12-31
dc.description.abstractSmall-scale subsistence farmers in South Africa have been introduced to genetically modified (GM) crops for more than a decade. Little is known about i) the extent of transgene introgression into locally recycled seed, ii) what short and longterm ecological and socioeconomic impacts such mixing of seeds might have, iii) how the farmers perceive GM crops, and iv) to what degree approval conditions are followed and controlled. This study conducted in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, aims primarily at addressing the first of these issues. We analysed for transgenes in 796 individual maize plants (leaves) and 20 seed batches collected in a village where GM insect resistant maize was previously promoted and grown as part of an governmental agricultural development program over a seven year period (2001– 2008). Additionally, we surveyed the varieties of maize grown and the farmers’ practices of recycling and sharing of seed in the same community (26 farmers were interviewed). Recycling and sharing of seeds were common in the community and may contribute to spread and persistence of transgenes in maize on a local or regional level. By analysing DNA we found that the commonly used transgene promoter p35s occurred in one of the 796 leaf samples (0.0013%) and in five of the 20 seed samples (25%). Three of the 20 seed samples (15%) included herbicide tolerant maize (NK603) intentionally grown by the farmers from seed bought from local seed retailers or acquired through a currently running agricultural development program. The two remaining positive seed samples (10%) included genes for insect resistance (from MON810). In both cases the farmers were unaware of the transgenes present. In conclusion, we demonstrate that transgenes are mixed into seed storages of small-scale farming communities where recycling and sharing of seeds are common, i.e. spread beyond the control of the formal seed system.en_US
dc.identifier.citationPLoS ONE 2014:1-21en_US
dc.identifier.cristinIDFRIDAID 1248785
dc.identifier.doi10.1371/journal.pone.0116147
dc.identifier.issn1932-6203
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/8536
dc.identifier.urnURN:NBN:no-uit_munin_8097
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherPublic Library of Scienceen_US
dc.rights.accessRightsopenAccess
dc.subjectVDP::Teknologi: 500::Bioteknologi: 590en_US
dc.subjectVDP::Technology: 500::Biotechnology: 590en_US
dc.titleDetection of Transgenes in Local Maize Varieties of Small-Scale Farmers in Eastern Cape, South Africaen_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.typeTidsskriftartikkelen_US
dc.typePeer revieweden_US


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