| Abstract: | Tema for denne masteroppgaven er aksjonslæring som redskap i pedagogisk utviklingsarbeid ved implementering av lese- og skriveopplæringsprogrammet Early Years Literacy Program (EYLP). Siktemålet er å undersøke om aksjonslæringa bidrar positivt i implementeringa, eventuelle forbedringer og i tilfelle endringer hvordan aksjonslæringa bidro i implementeringa og hvilke forbedringer den bidro til? Aksjonsforskninga ble organisert som en case studie av innholdet, endringsprosessen og endringsresultatet. Teoretisk grunnlag er: 1) lese- og skriveutvikling, tilpassa opplæring og forebygging, 2) pedagogisk utviklingsarbeid, 3) aksjonsforskning og aksjonslæring og 4) bestyrking (empowerment). Data framkommer ved triangulert kvalitativ metode. Analysen er basert på hermeneutisk metode. Undersøkelsen viser at aksjonslæringa bidrar til økt faglig bevissthet og kompetanse hos lærerne. Didaktisk kunnskap brukes, utvikles og bidrar til økt bevissthet og uttrykk for interne behov, økt bottom up engasjement og styrking. Aksjonslæringa bidrar positivt som drivende faktor i aksjonslæringsprosessen, til økt og svært godt samarbeid, til opplevelse av støtte i prosessen og i hverandre. Den bidrar til forbedringer, bedre tilpassa opplæring og økt kompetanse og bevissthet om behov for tilrettelegging for språklig utvikling, planer for å bruke språkleker som en del av EYLP, og for mulig aldersblanda undervisning. Aksjonslæringa bidrar også til forbedring og økt bevissthet for og behov for faglig utviklingsarbeid. Lærerne utvikler driv, energi, kontroll og ikke minst didaktisk kompetanse som skaper mer vellykket aksjonslæring. Lærerne gir uttrykk for økt mestring, økt kompetanse, økt fellesskap, økt faglig- og personlig trygghet. Dette er tegn på opplevelse av bestyrkning, på økt lærerkraft. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/1939 |
| Abstract: | Oppgaven tar utgangspunkt i en debatt initiert av Gunnar C. Aakvaag i tidsskriftet Sosiologi i dag i 2006. Aakvaags påstand er at norsk sosiologi er fragmentert og at dette går ut over evnen til å diagnostisere samfunnet som helhet. Han velger boka Det norske samfunn fra 2003/2005 som illustrasjon på dette. Denne oppgaven følger opp denne debatten og prøver med utgangspunkt i en epistemologisk konstruktivisme å vise hvordan ulike teorier om integrasjon åpner og lukker for iakttakelse av det norske samfunnet, enten som utsnitt eller som selvregulerende helhet. Oppgaven ender opp med å sammenligne integrasjonsteorier fra arbeidene til Niklas Luhmann, Jürgen Habermas og Roar Hagen pluss teorier om integrasjon som klassesamfunn. De ulike teoriene og begrepene vurderes som mer eller mindre fruktbare instrumenter for iakttakelse av det norske samfunnet som utsnitt eller helhet, og det argumenteres for at det er helhetsiakttakelsen som er nærmest forbundet med sosiologien som disiplin. Sentrale begreper er hypostasering og hypostatisering, og fragmentering som resultat av disse. Hovedkonklusjonen er at det er teorien om klassesamfunnet pluss samfunnets funksjonsdeling som ligger under og begrenser samfunnsanalysen. Det foreslås til slutt noen veier ut av problemene, med utgangspunkt i de sammenlignete teoriene. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/1468 |
| Abstract: | En vurdering av det offentliges erstatningsansvar for uriktig gjennomføring av EFs motorvognforsikringsdirektiver i norsk rett. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/2837 |
| Abstract: | Undersøkelsen omfatter 10 deltakere i norskopplæring for voksne innvandrere på tre skoler, en stor byskole og to mindre distriktsskoler. Formålet med undersøkelsen var å få vite hvordan voksne innvandrere opplever kommunens norskopplæringstilbud, med særskilt fokus på hva som fungerer best for den voksne innvandreren som skal lære seg norsk, og hvilken organiseringsform som egner seg for voksnes andrespråkslæring. Informantene har fått spørsmål om norskopplæring generelt og voksenopplæringa spesielt, og de har uttalt seg om andragogiske prinsipper som selvstyring, voksnes erfaringsreservoar og indre motivasjon, og den gode voksenpedagogen. De empiriske funnene blir drøftet i lys av sentrale voksenpedagogiske teoretikere som Knowles, Illeris, m.fl. Undersøkelsen viser at det ikke nødvendigvis er de mest individuelt tilrettelagte opplæringsprogrammene som fungerer best for andrespråkslæring. Deltakerne har vel så stor nytte av kontakten, kommunikasjonen og den muntlige praktiseringen sammen med sine medelever. De store voksenopplæringene har derfor en fordel fordi de har et stort antall elever og kan dele inn i homogene grupper/klasser. For å lære norsk må man benytte seg av enhver anledning til språklæring, men det er læreren som er den viktigste hjelperen i læringsprosessen. Den gode voksenpedagogen er et godt menneske med sosiale evner som kan faget sitt, stiller krav og gir rom for humor og glede i undervisninga. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3453 |
| Abstract: | The master's thesis discusses the german film "Gegen die Wand" ("Head-On") in relation to several notions such as: cultural memory and film's potential role as a creator of cultural memory and the role of the individual versus the role of the collective - with a special focus on turkish-german women in todays' Germany. The master's thesis also discusses the notions of language, music and sexuality, and how they are portrayed in the film. It also gives an opinion on how the turkish and german "Mythos" are being challenged in "Gegen die Wand". |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/1211 |
| Abstract: | This article aims at giving an example of how practical, clinical knowledge can be explored by the use of a tailor-made Information and Communication Technology (ICT)-tool: Physio-Net. In constructing content to this particular internet- based resource used for bachelor students at Tromsø University College, a clinician expert physiotherapist contributed with a detailed analysis of her own practice and its underpinning rationale, displayed by film and text simultaneously. The clinician was interviewed about how the work had affected later practice and why, and her experiences are discussed in terms of reflective practice. Internalised ways of thinking and acting were changed; she became more aware of the importance of taking the patient’s perspective, of the interaction in the situation, and made more careful conclusions in the clinical reasoning process. Time, observation, writing and guidance were important clues to this learning process and outcome. It is concluded that looking into one’s own practice amongst “critical friends”, mediated in a transparent mode as the Internet tool provides, constitutes a valuable learning potential for the individual and might contribute towards making professional practice more open and easier to discuss and develop. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/2416 |
| Abstract: | Cannabis is a drug mainly consumed for its euphoric effects; users may become happy, careless and relaxed. The direct effects of cannabis in sports are performance decreasing, but cannabis can be used as a doping agent due to its relaxing properties. For these reasons, cannabinoids are prohibited in sports during competition by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). In the context of the fight against doping, urine is screened for the metabolite THC-COOH (11-nor-delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid or carboxy-THC) with a cut-off of 15 ng/mL as a reporting limit for adverse analytical finding. This criterion does not fully allow a differentiation of in- or out-of-competition abuse and might not distinguish between active and passive inhalation. The presence of THC (Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) and THC-OH (11-hydroxy-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol) metabolite in urine has been proposed as indicators for recent cannabis use. Thus the need to develop and implement a method for detection and quantification of THC, THC-OH, and THC-COOH in urine appeared to be necessary in an anti doping laboratory. High sensitivity and specificity are required in such analytical method and for that purpose a GC-TSQ (Gas chromatography-triple quadrupole) was used. A method for the detection of the compounds was developed regarding GC-TSQ parameters, sample extraction and conditions of hydrolysis. The method was validated for specificity, but, due to several problems, it was not possible to fully validate this new method. The preliminary results obtained during this project suggest that the method should be further validated. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/2743 |
| Abstract: | Development is a term that evokes powerful images. It speaks to the collective aspiration of the people for a life of meaning and dignity. It inspire the hope to achieve what develop countries have achieved and what the poor may one day obtain. This thesis is the first study of Rama indigenous people focussing and its fishing activity in the community of Rama Cay. It examines the fundamental of the incongruities that has kept back the development of the fishing sector in Rama Cay. The problems that have concurred on the appropriate use of the resource such as transportation, processing methods and marketing. This study combines secondary sources with fieldwork notes based on interviews and discussions with members in and out of the community that are involved with the fishery. It provides information on type of fishing gears and boats in numbers and percentages. Women participation and how the cooperative system and problems related with processing activities can be improved. It is observe that trade offs at community level can be relatively different in comparison of the national and regional level. This trade offs happen because of pursuing multiples objective that cannot be fulfill at full extent. Therefore, Nicaragua has participated in many fisheries development project that evidently show that fish product from artisanal fishers can be sell to local market and the industrial production for export markets. Co-management is one of the alternatives that Nicaragua itself should develop to the national extent and also regional, so that a small community such as Rama Cay can also be include in the management system. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/315 |
| Abstract: | Hookworms are parasitic nematodes that reside in the intestines of their host, where they feed on host blood. The large number of infected individuals and the long survival time inside the host makes it interesting to study the immunomodulatory activities of the hookworms. The excretory/secretory (ES) products are suspected to be responsible for these effects. One aim of this project was to fractionate the low molecular weight part (< 10 kDa) of ES products from the dog hookworm Ancylostoma caninum and test their activity in a mouse colitis model that resembles human Crohn’s disease. The results were inconclusive, but trends could be seen and it seems that two fractions might show activity in the future if the tests are scaled up. The second aim was to use Fmoc-SPPS to synthesise two disulfide-rich peptides that were identified in the transcriptome of hookworms. These peptides possess the cysteine framework of the sea anemone toxin ShK, which is able to block voltage-gated potassium channels. One peptide, Name2, was synthesised successfully and as predicted folded into a ShK-like domain as confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. The three dimensional structure of the peptide was determined and it was revealed to contain two helical segments that were braced by the three disulfide bonds. Difficulties were encountered in the synthesis of Acan1 and the correct peptide was not obtained. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/4321 |
| Abstract: | Bendamustin is an alkylating anticancer agent which is currently in routine use for the treatment of different types of cancer. The drug is very unstable in serum due to hydrolysis; the half life of the first part of the serum elimination curve is about 6-10 minutes. The rapid degradation of the drug in serum impairs its cytostatic action within a short period of time, and frequent application of relatively high doses is required. This, in turn, leads to dose-limiting systemic toxicity. Incorporation of bendamustin into liposomes might be a promising way to prolong its half life in plasma, and thus improve the efficiency and toxicity profile of the drug. Up to now only a few attempts to incorporate bendamustin into liposomes are found in literature. However, none of these have been successful and reached clinical practice. Recently, a new technique for liposome preparation, dual asymmetric centrifugation (DAC), has been suggested which is suitable for making liposomes immidiatly prior to application (bed-side preparation). In a previous study a protocol for liposomes made of phosphatidyl choline and cholesterol was developed and used for direct entrapment of bendamustin. However, the formulation turned out to be unstable in terms of rapid efflux of bendamustin out of the liposomes. In this study, a new liposomal formulation of bendamustin was developed using the DAC. The intention was to improve the stability of the liposome formulation by obtaining a reduced leakage of drug. Liposome release of incorporated drug was investigated by incubation of liposomes under physiological conditions; 37 °C, with further assay of the samples with respect to loss of incorporated drug over time. For this, cation-exchange chromatography and RP-HPLC was used. It turned out that bendamustin in its zwitterionic form tended to diffuse through the lipid-membrane more readily than both the cationic and anionic forms. In order to reduce the amount of zwitterionic molecules, and hence efflux, a buffered system with a pH of 2.0 in the liposome interior was chosen. Compared to the previous formulation, the new formulation showed an increase in encapsulation efficiency as well as a slower efflux of drug when incubated in phosphate buffered saline pH 7.4 at 37 ºC; EE= 61% ± 2 as compared to 44 % ± 3 and t1/2= 3 h as compared to 1.5 h. Stability of the new formulation was assayed with respect to intact bendamustin as well as lipid at 23 °C over 24 hours. For this RP-HPLC and HPTLC were used, respectively. The results showed that the formulation is stable enough to be used within the same day as a bed-side preparation. Furthermore, stability of the new bendamustin-liposomes was compared to the free drug in cell culture medium at 37 ºC. Unfortunately, the bendamustin-liposomes showed a minor improvement in stability as compared to the free bendamustin only; the half life was prolonged to 20 minutes for the liposomes (14 minutes for the solution). Finally, an attempt of active loading of bendamustin was performed by the means of a pH gradient between the liposome interior and exterior. An EE of 14 % was observed. Further optimization of the protocol will be needed to render active loading an attractive alternative. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/1177 |
| Abstract: | Curcumin (I), demethoxy curcumin (II) and bisdemethoxy curcumin (III) are commonly called curcuminoids, and derived products from the spice, turmeric. It has reported numerous of therapeutic activities including, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. The aim of the current study was to develop a formulation which can overcome the limitation of curcumin being so poorly soluble in aqueous medium. Our approach has been directed toward investigating the potential of using liposomal formulations as carrier system for curcumin destined for treatment of vaginal inflammation. Curcumin containing liposomes were prepared using soya phosphatidylcholine by the modified film method. Moreover, we added cholesterol in various molar ratios to affect the vesicle membrane rigidity. Curcumin entrapped in the liposomes was quantified and the entrapment efficiency was found to be reaching up to 100%. The size and size distribution of liposomes were determined on photon correlation spectroscopy. The results showed an increase in size of liposomes containing curcumin in comparison with empty liposomes. The accelerated stability testing was used to predict the stability of the formulations. The test revealed changes in the characteristics of the liposomes. The free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) assay of curcumin and Curcuma extract, as well as isolated pure curcumin I, revealed that curcuminoids mixtures have stronger activity. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/2751 |
| Abstract: | The hooded seal is a deep diving phocid seal in the North Atlantic Ocean, possessing the highest oxygen storing capacity and the shortest lactation period of any mammal hitherto reported. Pups are not born expert divers and have to develop relevant physiological adaptations quickly in order to forage independently. To investigate the early development of myoglobin (Mb), a key molecule for diving adaptation, muscles from weaned hooded seal pups were sampled for a period of three months. This revealed a rapid initial rise of Mb levels within the first month accounting for 50 % of the Mb development of the entire first year of life. This developmental pattern coincides with the increase of dive duration of free living hooded seal pups, suggesting that the Mb level influences their diving behavior. To investigate if activity regulates Mb production, the swimming muscle M. longissimus dorsi and flipper muscle M. supraspinatus were examined as well as key enzymes for muscular metabolism. This showed that active muscles develop faster and have higher Mb concentrations than idle muscles whereas there is no difference in muscles of similar activity. This suggests that activity rather than hypoxia is influencing the post natal increase of Mb in seals. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3264 |
| Abstract: | Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) is most commonly caused by destruction of foetal platelets by maternal antibodies reactive to human platelet antigen (HPA)-1a. The activation of antigen-primed B cells to differentiate to antibody-secreting plasma cells usually requires help from CD4 T cells. The strong association between anti-HPA-1a-production and the MHC allele HLA-DRB3*0101 supports that this notion is also valid in the context of NAIT, and suggests the activation of HPA-1a-specific T cells as the most critical event of immunization. In this study, an improved protocol for enrichment, identification and efficient isolation of HPA-1a-specific CD4 T cells is presented. By replacing foetal bovine serum with human serum, enrichment of antigen-specific CD4 T cells improved dramatically. Identification and isolation of HPA-1a-specific CD4 T cells greatly improved when combining the CFSE proliferation assay with a second stimulation with antigen and subsequent assay for surface detection of TNF production. HPA-1a-specific CD4 T cells could also be identified in the CFSE proliferation assay as proliferating T cells with down-regulated expression of CD4. HPA-1a-specific T cells isolated from immunized women may serve as useful tools for investigating the cellular immune response to HPA-1a, and for developing strategies to prevent immunization in HPA-incompatible pregnancies, e.g. through TCR epitope mapping and examinations of the immunogenicity of the HPA-1a antigen at the amino-acid level. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3389 |
| Abstract: | The post-pericardiotomy syndrome (PPS) is a common complication after cardiac surgery, occuring in 10-40% of patients. PPS may prolong hospitalization, and even serious complications like tamponade and constrictive pericarditis may occur. Early diagnosis and treatment may reduce morbidity. In 50 patients transferred to our hospital after cardiac surgery we found an increase in pro-inflammatory and a decrease in anti-inflammatory cytokines at admission in the patients later developing PPS compared to the patients who did not develop PPS. If confirmed in larger studies, these findings may prove useful in early identification of and targeted treatment in patients developing PPS. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/4929 |
| Abstract: | 2D seismic and well data have been used to understand the geological evolution of the SW Barents Sea by interpreting different seismic units and to evaluate their role in distribution of fluid migration system. Eight seismic unit including seafloor are identified in the study area based on well tie with seismic data. Torsk and Kolmule formation show western progradational pattern suggesting deposition during relative sea level fall. Stappen High and Loppa High appear to act as main sediment source area in western margin of SW Barents Sea. The distributions of fluid flow features are significantly higher in western part than in the eastern part of study area. The distribution of fluid flow show direct relationship with structural elements of SW Barents Sea although net erosion might have had added effect on fluid migration process. The late Jurassic Hekkingen formation, are considered as the widespread source rock in western Barents Sea. In addition to this, lower Cretaceous unit and Snadd formation are potential source rock in the study area. Among the various observed fluid flow features were gas chimneys, leakage along faults and high amplitude anomalies. Gas chimneys were most abundant fluid flow features in the study area. The location of chimney structures are associated with major fault complexes in the study area suggesting close relation between the fault and fractures. The inferred gas leakages are closely related to the Cenozoic evolution of the Barents Sea, and are possible caused by gas expansion due to removal of overburden of sediments from the Barents Sea. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/4290 |
| Abstract: | I denne oppgaven har vi gjort et casestudie av en liten fiskecamp på Arnøya i Nord-Troms, Crazy Cod Camp. 2010 var selskapets første driftsår, og i forkant av en eventuell utvidelse av fiskecampen var det ønskelig å vite hvor tilfredse kundene var med oppholdet. Dette for å kunne bruke resultatene til å forbedre og øke kundens opplevelse. Vi har med bakgrunn i teorier innenfor turisme, konsumentatferd og tjenester gjort en kundeundersøkelse der vi sendte ut / delte ut et spørreskjema til kundene som har besøkt fiskecampen. Ut fra svarene i undersøkelsen har vi gjort en klassisk Importance Performance Analyse (IPA) for å analysere gapet mellom kundenes forventninger og kundenes faktiske opplevelser av noen gitte faktorer ved fiskecampen. Vi har komplettert analysen med en teknikk vi har utviklet basert på Abalo et al. (2007), og som vi benevner som Monte Carlo IPA Resampler (MCIPAR). Teknikkene kompletterer hverandre i forhold til tolking av spredningen i Importance verdier. I vår analyse finner vi at kundene generelt sett er fornøyde med oppholdet i forhold til hva de forventet. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/2872 |
| Abstract: | Denne oppgaven omhandler Nord-Norges mest kjente naturfenomen i middelalderen; Moskstraumen. Her ser jeg på forestillinger om strømmen fra 1539 til omtrent 1900, og drøfter hvorfor og hvordan disse oppsto. Forestillingene gikk fra å være et havsvelg, til en malstrøm og til den tidevannstrømmen fenomenet er i dag. Norden var på 1500-tallet ukjent for det lærde Europa. Dermed ble de første forestillingene oppfattet som konkret kunnskap og viten. Renessansens fokus på mennesker og natur, samt utviklingen av bedre båter og navigasjonssystem førte til flere ekspedisjoner. Sammen med en voksende handel fra andre halvdel av 1500-tallet, fikk man derfor en økende trafikk langs norskekysten og en stadig økende interesse for Nord-Norge. Som følge av dette ble europeere stadig bedre kjent med områdene i nord og forestillingene om Moskstraumen noe dempet. Vi skal se at nærhet til strømmen betydde en slags naturkontroll, mens fjernhet over lengre tid betydde at forestillingene ble delvis holdt i hevd. Økende lese- og skriveferdigheter førte til at antallet som kunne gi nokså nøyaktige beskrivelser av strømmen steg. Kunnskapen om naturen vokste gjennom århundrene, og havets mysterier ble et forskningsobjekt. Fra at havet hadde vært noe ukjent, grenseløst, stygt og skummelt, begynte disse forestillingene gradvis å endre seg på 1700-tallet. På 1700- og 1800-tallet ble dermed tidligere virkelighetsfjerne oppfatninger av Moskstraumen visket ut til fordel for rasjonelle forklaringer, først i Norge, men senere også i utlandet. Det er grunn til å peke på at det var det intellektuelle miljøet i Norge som ledet an i diskusjonen om strømmen. Fenomenet ble bokstavelig talt naturalisert gjennom naturvitenskapen. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/2506 |
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