| Abstract: | Denne oppgaven har analysert egenkapitalbevis som har vært sammenhengende notert på Oslo Børs fra 1998 til 2009. Formålet med oppgaven var å se hvordan egenkapitalbevisene har prestert mot DNB-NOR og OSEBX sett ut i fra ulike kjente prestasjonsmål. I oppgaven har jeg laget en kapitalveid indeks av egenkapitalbevisene som er vektet årlig. Dette er blitt gjort for at jeg skal kunne generalisere prestasjon til egenkapitalbevisene. Jeg har sett om det er forskjell på hvordan egenkapitalbevisene presterer i perioder med børs oppgang, og i tiden med børsfall. Jeg har derfor delt opp min analyseperiode i to deler, i tillegg til hele analyse perioden. Jeg har en periode fra 1998 til 2006 som representerer tider med børs oppgang, samt en periode fra 2007 til 2009, grunnet finanskrisen. Analyseperioden sett under ett, presterer egenkapitalbevisene dårligere enn DNB-NOR og OSEBX. I oppgaven har jeg brukt Fama og French sin trefaktor modell for å se om noen av bankene har klart å skape en signifikant positiv alfa. Ingen av bankene klarte dette, noe som også er i tråd med tidligere undersøkelser som er gjort på det norske aksjemarkedet. Det er allikevel to egenkapitalbevis som presterer bedre enn både DNB-NOR og OSEBX alle prestasjonsmål sett under ett. Det er Sparebank 1 SR-Bank og Sparebank 1 SMN. Disse to sparebankene er de som presterer best av alle i alle periodene. I perioden 1998 til 2006 presterer egenkapitalbevisene som helhet bedre enn både DNB-NOR og OSEBX. I perioden 2007 til 2009 kommer det klart frem at finanskrisen har rammet sparebankene hardere enn både DNB-NOR og OSEBX. Ingen av sparebankene presterer bedre enn DNB-NOR og OSEBX i denne perioden. Ved å se på markedsverdi og forvaltningskapitalen til sparebankene kommer det frem at sparebankene med høyest forvaltingskapital og markedsverdi, presterer bedre enn sparebankene med lav markedsverdi og lav forvaltningskapital. Unntaket er Sparebanken Vest som har nest høyest forvaltningskapital og fjerde høyest markedsverdi. Sparebanken Vest er blant de fire dårligste sparebankene under samtlige prestasjonsmål. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/2653 |
| Abstract: | This research deals with the history of education for the indigenous peoples in Chittagong Hills Tracts (CHT) Bangladesh who, like many places under postcolonial nation states, have no constitutional recognition, nor do their languages have a place in the state education system. Comprising data from literature and empirical study in CHT and underpinned on a conceptual framework on indigenous peoples’ education stages within state system in the global perspective, it analyzes in-depth on how the formal education for the indigenous peoples in CHT was introduced, evolved and came up to the current practices. From a wider angle, it focuses on how education originally intended to ‘civilize’ indigenous peoples subsequently, in post colonial era, with some change, still bears that colonial legacy which is heavily influenced by hegemony of ‘progress’ and ‘modernism’ (anti-traditionalism) and serves to the non-indigenous dominant group interests. Thus the government suggested Bengali-based monolingual education practice which has been ongoing since the beginning of the nation-state for citizens irrespective of ethnic and lingual background, as this research argued, is a silent policy of assimilation for the indigenous peoples. However, after decades of its existence in the region the monolingual paradigm appears to be shaken by the ethno-political struggle locally and endangered language survival movements nationally and internationally. This process is beginning evidenced by the presence of NGO-based schools, which are in a process to off-shooting mother-tongue based schooling for the indigenous children in the territory. By analyzing this historical development related to the forces at global, national and local level, the study is an attempt to define the changes within the conceptual framework and explain how changes have happened and the prospect for future change. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/2065 |
| Abstract: | Social integration of refugees is a concept that connotes ideas of enjoying the opportunities, rights and services available to the citizens of the refugees’ new community. This thesis examines the problems and process of social integration of Congolese refugees in one of the southern towns of Norway. This research mainly aimed at finding out whether Congolese refugees are socially well-integrated; and establishing factors that contribute to their integration or lack of it. Based on the expression of social integration theories, this research has used qualitative methods through interviews and document analysis. Results have shown that some Congolese refugees are socially integrated in the Norwegian community. Findings indicate that the mastery of the Norwegian language and the ability to establish social network with Norwegians citizens are the momentous factor to refugees’ integration. This study suggest that the service in charge of refugee should develop a mechanism to ensure that refugees are given enough psychological assistance due to the fact that a good number of them have experienced such serious traumatic situations that financial and/or material assistance alone do not suffice for them to feel socially integrated in this new community. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/1578 |
| Abstract: | Cold-adaptation strategies have been studied in multiple psychrophilic organisms, especially for psychrophilic enzymes. Decreased enzyme activity caused by low temperatures as well as a higher viscosity of the aqueous environment require certain adaptations to the metabolic machinery of the cell. In addition to this, low temperature has deleterious effects on the lipid bilayer of bacterial membranes and therefore might also affect the embedded membrane proteins. Little is known about the adaptation of membrane proteins to stresses of the cold. In this study we investigate a set of 66 membrane proteins from the core genome of the bacterial family Vibrionaceae to identify general characteristics that discern psychrophilic and mesophilic membrane proteins. Bioinformatical and statistical methods were used to analyze the alignments of the three temperature groups mesophilic, intermediate and psychrophilic. Surprisingly, our results show little or no adaptation to low temperature for those parts of the proteins that are predicted to be inside the membrane. However, changes in amino acid composition and hydrophobicity are found for complete sequences and sequence parts outside the lipid bilayer. Among others, the results presented here indicate a preference for helix-breaking and destabilizing amino acids Ile, Asp and Thr and an avoidance of the helix-forming amino acid Ala in the amino acid composition of psychrophilic membrane proteins. Furthermore, we identified a lower overall hydrophobicity of psychrophilic membrane proteins in comparison to their mesophilic homologs. These results support the stability-flexibility hypothesis and link the cold-adaptation strategies of membrane proteins to those of loop regions of psychrophilic enzymes. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/4922 |
| Abstract: | The criteria for defining bacterial species and even the concept of bacterial species itself are under debate, and the discussion is apparently intensifying as more genome sequence data is becoming available. However, it is still unclear how the new advances in genomics should be used most efficiently to address this question. In this study we identify genes that are common to any group of genomes in our dataset, to determine whether genes specific to a particular taxon exist and to investigate their potential role in adaptation of bacteria to their specific niche. These genes were named unique core genes. Additionally, we investigate the existence and importance of unique core genes that are found in isolates of phylogenetically non-coherent groups. These groups of isolates, that share a genetic feature without sharing a closest common ancestor, are termed genophyletic groups. The bacterial family Vibrionaceae was used as the model, and we compiled and compared genome sequences of 64 different isolates. Using the software orthoMCL we determined clusters of homologous genes among the investigated genome sequences. We used multilocus sequence analysis to build a host phylogeny and mapped the numbers of unique core genes of all distinct groups of isolates onto the tree. The results show that unique core genes are more likely to be found in monophyletic groups of isolates. Genophyletic groups of isolates, in contrast, are less common especially for large groups of isolate. The subsequent annotation of unique core genes that are present in genophyletic groups indicate a high degree of horizontally transferred genes. Finally, the annotation of the unique core genes of Vibrio cholerae revealed genes involved in aerotaxis and biosynthesis of the iron-chelator vibriobactin. The presented work indicates that genes specific for any taxon inside the bacterial family Vibrionaceae exist. These unique core genes encode conserved metabolic functions that can shed light on the adaptation of a species to its ecological niche. Additionally, our study suggests that unique core genes can be used to aid classification of bacteria and contribute to a bacterial species definition on a genomic level. Furthermore, these genes may be of importance in clinical diagnostics and drug development. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/4905 |
| Abstract: | This paper applies a bioeconomic model in order to study different interactions between a harvested renewable resource and a non-renewable resource without commercial value that is negatively affected by the harvesting activity. This enables the analysis of for instance cold water coral habitats and their importance to commercial fish species. The fish is harvested either in a manner that does not damage coral, such as stationary gear, or in a destructive fashion, such as bottom trawling. We find that when coral is a preferred or essential habitat, the optimal steady-state fish stock is no longer independent of the habitat level, i.e. optimum optimorum values determine the optimal stationary gear harvest rate and how much habitat should optimally be preserved. Such optimum optimorum values will vary according to the type of habitat-fishery connection, and some bottom trawling may be optimal for some periods of time. Our findings extend upon the underlying assumption of a constant habitat quality of bioeconomic models when destructive fishing methods are involved and a habitat-fishery connection exists. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/1812 |
| Abstract: | I denne avhandlingen har jeg i lys av Jim Collins’ svinghjulkonsept sett på et utvalg publikasjoner som omhandlet vekst i små og mellomstore virksomheter. Ved å gå gjennom svinghjulets oppbygning av konsepter, har disse også blitt satt i et organisasjonsteoretisk rammeverk for støtte i analysen. Analysen ble utført på bakgrunn av informasjon gjennom avhandlingens valgte kartleggingsmetode. Innholdskartene bidro til å strukturere og systematisere publikasjonenes innhold. I analysedelen ble svinghjulkonseptet testet opp mot utvalgt litteratur. Som følge av avhandlingens analysedel ble kombinasjonen av fire hovedkonsepter identifisert som de som fant størst støtte i utvalgt litteratur. Disse hovedkonseptene var ledelse, medarbeider, konfrontasjon av fakta og p-konseptet. Gjennom fire publikasjoner ble disse hovedkonseptene sett i sammenheng med hverandre og var basert, i likhet med Collins’ tilnærming på en underliggende strategi eller visjon. Et tankekors settes for øvrig ved hvorvidt det hos Collins og den utvalgte litteratur faktisk avdekker veien mot vekst, eller om abstraksjonsnivået er for langt unna det som faktisk inntreffer i små og mellomstore virksomheter. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/2711 |
| Abstract: | Developing countries are leisurely adopter of new technologies, particularly with regards to the health services of these countries. This study explores the current health information infrastructure and future prospects of information and communication technology in health system of Bangladesh using an interpretative case study approach and proposes apply Telemedicine system to ensure health for all. This study almost certainly the first of its variety in Bangladesh; there have been some inadequate studies of Telemedicine early trials in some developing countries assessing the challenges of implementation. This study briefly mentions one of such; the Indian Telemedicine system. Some confronts that would obstruct the implementation of Telemedicine in Bangladesh are the initial huge start up costs, poor ICT culture of healthcare professionals and people embedding political meanings into the system. The weak state of information infrastructure at the hospital would be another challenge in implementation Telemedicine. Here Telemedicine could potentially reduce waiting times for patients, reduce the cost of the health system’s operations, improve interdepartmental, inter-hospital communication and collaboration, provide opportunity for sharing best practices among physicians within Bangladesh and international hospitals, and enhance better resource allocation. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3627 |
| Abstract: | Hovudtema i denne hovudfagsoppgåva er levd erfaring av å høyra stemmer og lydar som einskilde menneske er åleine om å erfare. Omgrepet 'personleg erfarte stemmer og lydar' vert introdusert. Omgrepet viser til at høyrselsfenomena sitt særpreg er knytt til at dei berre kan høyrast av den som erfarar dei, at dei vert erfart som ikkje-meg, og at dei er forma gjennom livet til den som erfarer dei. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/4931 |
| Abstract: | The aim of this thesis was to implement prototype which, provides relevant information to the user at right time. The personal information that is targeted here was health-related information. This may include various type of information, such as drug information, education information, health monitor data for instance glucoses meter, step counter, personal notes, health related images ,PDF files. To implement prototype, we use metadata of the information. Some of the metadata of the information describes the context of the information. We used time, date and location context of information to implement our goal successfully. By using these contexts of the information, the relevant information to user is provided. The four components were implemented to implement prototype: Metadata extractor, Information manger, controller and user interface. The metadata extractor allows user to download files and automatically store file in to the download folder and context of these files was extracted and stored in to the database. The second component was information manger; the main function of this component was to reads the context of downloaded files and make association of similar files by using context. The third component was controller, it was use to represent related files to the end users and the user interface allows user to interact with our system. The implemented prototype was tested for providing related information to the users. The information access was based on the context of the information, which eases to get results and to recognize useful information for the users. It was also tested whether the prototype stores updated files or not. The prototype makes association of new downloaded files to the database and it also avoids redundancy of files. Thus, it helps users to access the updated information and to reduce redundancy of data. The prototype provides user with the right set of information to the right time, by identifying the need of the users by matching with available information. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/2624 |
| Abstract: | I denne rapporten presenterer vi det andre delprosjektet i et tredelt prosjekt med fokus på tilpasset undervisning for elever med særskilte behov. Det første delprosjektet hadde tittelen: “Hva Ida lærte oss om tilpasset undervisning og aksjonslæring” og hadde fokus på tilrettelagt undervisning for eleven Ida som hadde ADD og sosial angst. Rapporten kan finnes på den digitale publikasjonskanalen Munin ved Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromsø. Det andre delprosjektet har fokus på undervisning av Marius, en elev med lese- og skrivevansker. Vi har derfor gitt det tittelen “Hva Marius lærte oss”. Prosjektet er blitt til og er gjennomført av førstelektor og pedagogisk psykologisk rådgiver Ingvild Kamplid og universitetslektor Lisbet Rønningsbakk, begge ved Universitetet i Tromsø, i samarbeid med skoleleder, lærere, foreldre og elever ved “Naustvika skole”. Prosjektet er finansiert gjennom ordinære FOU-midler fra Universitetet i Tromsø. Ingvild har i prosjektperioden dessuten hatt deltidsstilling ved PPT i Tromsø og Statped Nord. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3843 |
| Description: | Rapport fra prosjekt ved Reinen skole, Tromsø kommune og Høgskolen i Tromsø, Avdeling for lærerutdanning. Prosjektet inngår i Tiltak12 i Utdanningsdirektoratets tiltaksplan ”Gi rom for lesing!”, koordinert av Høgskolen i Hedmark |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/2298 |
| Abstract: | Formål: Hensikten med undersøkelsen var å evaluere, grad av volumreduksjon og de foreløpige kliniske resultatene ved emboliseringsbehandling av uterusmyomer (UAE -uterine artery embolization) ved UNN. Materiale og metode: Dette er en retrospektiv studie av 35 pasienter behandlet i tidsrommet januar 2000 til og med desember 2006. To fikk utført reembolisering. Trettitre fikk utført MR-bekken før embolisering. Tjuefem fikk MR etter seks mnd, syv av disse også etter 12 måneder. Dominant myom ble undersøkt med tanke på volumreduksjon. Alle fikk i januar 2007 tilsendt spørreskjema med henblik på klinisk effekt og tilfredshet med behandlingen. I alt ble 49 kvinner henvist til UAE. Hos fem ble det utført hysterektomi fordi myomene ble vurdert uegnet for UAE. Hos tre med solitære myom ble det utført myomenukleasjon. To med menoragi og relativt små myom fikk utført transcervikal endometriereseksjon (TCRE). Fire trakk seg fra behandling. Resultat: Ved MR-bekken etter seks mnd ble det registrert signifikant reduksjon i myomstørrelse hos samtlige (p<0,0005), gjennomsnitt ca. 50 %. Tolv måneder etter behandling var det oppnådd ytterligere reduksjon (p<0,025), gjennomsnittlig mer enn 50 % (n=7). Volumreduksjon ble ikke funnet relatert til volum før behandling (0,20>p>0,10). Størst grad av myomminskning ble registrert i aldersgruppen over 48 år (p=0,025). I aldersgruppen 50-59 år var gjennomsnittlig reduksjon 52 % etter seks måneder. Spørreundersøkelsen ble besvart av 24 (69 %). Ett eller flere av symptomene blødning, smerte, nedtrykksfølelse og urininkontinens, hadde avtatt hos 95 % og 88 % var stort sett fornøyd med behandlingen. Behandlingseffekt ble ikke funnet relatert til grad av volumreduksjon (OR=0,66), viktigere er den subjektive kliniske bedringen. Embolisering var foretrukket fremfor hysterektomi hos 71 %. Komplikasjonsraten var lav. De fleste hadde moderat forbigående smerter og temperaturstigning. To (6 %) utviklet et såkalt postemboliseringssyndrom (smerter, feber, forhøyet CRP). Fem (ca.14 %) ble hysterektomert pga påfølgende blødninger, smerter og trykkfølelse, en under samme oppholdet. Konklusjon: MR resultatene av UAE ved symptomgivende myom ved UNN er i hovedsak samsvarende med nasjonale og internasjonale studier. Den kliniske effekten slik pasientene opplever det er tilfredstillende, men samsvarer i liten grad med oppnådd volumreduksjon, også dette er sammenfallende med andre undersøkelser. UAE synes å være et trygt og effektiv, minimalt invasivt og organbevarende behandlingsalternativ ved symptomgivende uterusmyom. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/1303 |
| Abstract: | This thesis entitled “Tourism and its Impact on Traditional Culture: A case study of Sirubari village, Nepal” intended to focus on the village tourism being practiced by the Gurung people in the Sirubari village of Syangja district. Gurung peoples are one of the indigenous populations mostly residing in the hill area since the historic times. For this study, the locality Sirubari village as chosen which is inhabited mainly by the Gurung peoples and Sirubari is regarded as the model village for the introduction and the promotion of village tourism. This is newly introduced practice and one of the immense areas of entire tourism in Nepal. Rural tourism as a phenomenon is concerned with river, sun, environment, rural society and household. It represents conservation, life style, experience, adventure and above all benefit to the local people. The main objective of rural tourism includes tourists to plan a trip, immerse into the local community along with minimizing the eco-cultural impact. When an organized group of tourists reached Sirubari , the villagers descend down the village and welcome tourist with garlands, tika, and traditional Gurung musical bands. While music and dances are performed and traditional farewell songs are also sung when guests depart. The Village Tourism Committee distributes the guest into the different households having the facility of home stay. Guests are presented to different cultural programs such as Dohari song, Gantu dance and Krishna Charita dance in the premise of community Hall. Besides that hiking, fishing in the local river and observing the local people daily life are other fascinating aspect of the stay. This study has been conducted to assess the impact of village tourism on local culture; for which changes that have occurred or occurring these days have also observed closely. Tourism is a global phenomenon. So, impacts of globalization are crucial factors for leading changes to such rites and rituals. It guides the society into the new dimension. On the other hand cultural revitalization is also directly connected to the globalization. When the culture is increasingly homogenous then indigenous culture are more important to provide differentiations and authenticity. In this sense, even village tourism as modern institution it plays vital role to promote and restore the root culture. So, basically this study aims to identify the impacts of globalization on the Gurung cultures and the role of village tourism to revitalize the traditional culture as a whole. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/4062 |
| Abstract: | I Norsk rett bygger man på prinsippet om avtalefrihet. Men siden det er store variasjoner i partskonstellasjoner i de avtaleforhold som inngås. Vil partene ha et ulikt utgangspunkt for forhandlingen av avtalen, vil de kunne oppnå ulike resultat. Det kan derfor være behov for å se på hvilken betydning dt får for tolking og urimelighetssensur hvilken stilling partene har. Gjennom Høyesteretts praksis søker jeg å finne frem til svar på disse problemstillingene. |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/1512 |
| Description: | The papers of the thesis are not available in Munin: 1. Karah, N., B. Haldorsen, K. Hegstad, G. S. Simonsen, A. Sundsfjord, Ø. Samuelsen and the Norwegian Study Group on Acinetobacter: 'Species identification and molecular characterization of Acinetobacter spp. blood culture isolates from Norway', Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotheraphy (2011) 66:738-744. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkq521 2. Karah, N., B. Haldorsen, N. O. Hermansen, Y. Tveten, E. Ragnhildstveit, D. H. Skutlaberg, S. Tofteland, A. Sundsfjord and Ø. Samuelsen: 'Emergence of OXA carbapenemase- and 16S rRNA methylase-producing international clones of Acinetobacter baumannii in Norway', Journal of medical microbiology (2011), 60:515-521. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.028340-0 3. Karah, N., C. G. Giske, A. Sundsfjord, and Ø. Samuelsen: 'A diversity of OXA-carbapenemases and class 1 integrons among carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates from Sweden belonging to different international clonal lineages' (submitted paper to Microbial Drug Resistance). 4. Karah, N., R. Smyth, B. Haldorsen, G. S. Simonsen, A. Sundsfjord, and Ø. Samuelsen: 'Performance of VITEK 2, BD Phoenix, and MALDI-TOF MS systems for species identification of Acinetobacter blood culture isolates' (manuscript) |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3548 |
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