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Browsing Artikler, rapporter og annet (Norges fiskerihøgskole) by Author
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Now showing items 41-51 of 51
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Ringø, Einar; Hemre, Gro-Ingun; Amlund, Heidi; Aursand, Marit; Bakke-McKellep, Anne Marie; Olsen, Rolf Erik; Svihus, Birger (Research report; Forskningsrapport, 2009)[+][-]
Abstract: A thorough review of different aspects on the health implications of using vegetable feed ingredients, both protein and lipid alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil, plus possible additions of immunostimulants, also including a short chapter on undesirable components, the use of genetically modified plants, and how processing may affect feed quality and availability, are given in the different chapters of the present risk assessment. Discussed in particular are Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), rainbow trout (Onchorhyncus mykiss), Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Deemed necessary, since literature on these species is scarce, some theoretical background in the assessment chapter (Chapter 4) includes studies on other species when relevant for the present terms of reference, and to better be able to conclude on possible health implications due to changes in diet ingredients. The answers to the present Terms of Reference are given in Chapter 5 (Risk characterization and conclusions). Chapter 6 presents future challenges that need focus in research to be able to have healthy farming of fish even when volumes increase. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10037/2466 File(s) in this item: 1
article.pdf (4.592Mb) -
Ringø, Einar (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2011)[+][-]
Abstract: In this study, the effects of dietary probiotic Bacillus subtilis C-3102 (Calsporin®) on the growth performance, predominant intestinal microbiota, expression of cytokines genes in three organs (liver, intestine and kidney) and protection against Aeromonas hydrophila infection of koi carp were investigated. Fish were fed two different diets, 1-control diet (non-supplemented) and 2-experimental diet (supplemented with 1 g/kg Calsporin®) for five weeks. Tissue samples were collected at days 0, 10, 20 and 35. The results showed that the weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly improved by dietary Bacillus subtilis C-3102 (P < 0.01). Dietary probiotic did not affect the body skin colouration of koi carp (P > 0.05). Variation of intestinal bacterial communities were studied by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) which revealed that even though Bacillus subtilis C-3102 was not detected as a prominent component in the intestinal tract of koi carp at any time point, it could affect the intestinal microbiota community at the early stages of the trial, becoming weaker in the later stages. Concerning the gene expression results, the expression of HSP70 gene was up-regulated at day 10 and 35 the liver; no effects were observed in the intestine and kidney. A general trend of upregulation of cytokines expression (IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α and TGF-β) was observed in liver the (except IL-1β) and intestine, but unchanged in the kidney (except IL-10). The intraperitoneal injection challenge demonstrated that there was no positive effect of dietary B. subtilis C-3102 supplementation against A. hydrophila. These results suggested that B. subtilis C-3102 can provide beneficial effects on growth, feed utilization and modulating intestinal microbiota community. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3888 File(s) in this item: 1
article.pdf (2.015Mb) -
Ringø, Einar (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2011)[+][-]
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the intestinal microbial communities of gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) cultivated in two beach ponds at different stocking densities. The two ponds were both ~3.33 hm2 in acreage and ~1.5 m in depth. The stocking densities included one intensive with 2 fish m–3 while the other treated as semi-intensive with 1 fish m–3. The gut microbiota (both allochthonous and autochthonous) were sampled after 135 days of feeding. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene segments was used to evaluate the bacterial community. Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria and some unclassified_bacteria taxa were identified in gut samples and feed. Similar bacterial communities (Cs=0.83) were observed with respect to the autochthonous and allochthonous gut microbiota of gibel carp cultured in the intensive culture pond. In contrast to these results, some difference (Cs=0.61) was observed in the gut microbiota of fish reared in the semi-intensive culture pond. Our results indicated that the difference in the bacterial communities between allochthonous bacteria and gut associated bacteria of gibel carp was not constant and was modulated by the stocking density. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3884 File(s) in this item: 1
article.pdf (1.150Mb) -
Ringø, Einar; Han, A; Liu, Yuchan; Zhou, Zhigang; He, Suxu; Cao, Yanan; Bin, Yao (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2010)[+][-]
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RØberg, stian; Østerhus, Jan ivar; Landfald, Bjarne (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2011)[+][-]
Abstract: Exposure of pristine microbial environments to hydrocarbon contamination stimulates growth of the initially small fraction of indigenous hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria. Custom-made oleophilic fertilizers have been demonstrated to promote oil bioremediation by boosting this proliferation. In the present study, the temporal dynamics of the bacterial community structure and the individual influences of hydrocarbons and an oleophilic fertilizer in shaping the community structure was explored during a 78 days bioremediation experiment in a high-Arctic intertidal beach environment. A combination of cultivation independent 16S rRNA gene length-heterogeneity polymerase chain reaction (LH-PCR) profiling and identification of hydrocarbon-degrading isolates based on partial 16S rRNA gene sequences was employed. LH-PCR community profiles in the fertilizer alone and fertilized kerosene plots were largely indistinguishable throughout the experimental period, while kerosene alone plots showed a markedly different composition of dominant groups. This pointed to the fertilizer as the more decisive factor in shaping the community structure. Most prominent LH-PCR fragments which emerged after kerosene or fertilizer addition could be provisionally assigned to bacterial taxa through coinciding LH-PCR fragment lengths with hydrocarbon degrading isolates obtained from the same type of experimental units. However, a few quantitatively significant LH-PCR groups had no counterparts among the cultivated bacteria. One of these was affiliated to a hitherto unspeciated subgroup within the Alkanindiges/Acinetobacter clade of Moraxellaceae by a 16S rRNA gene cloning approach. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3889 File(s) in this item: 1
article.pdf (1.932Mb) -
Salma, Wahida; Zhou, Zhigang; Wang, Wenwan; Askarian, Fatemeh; Kousha, Armin; Ebrahimi, Maryam Tajabadi; Myklebust, Reidar; Ringø, Einar (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2011)[+][-]
Abstract: In the present study the intestinal sac method (ex vivo) was used to evaluate the interactions between lactic acid bacteria and staphylococci in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of beluga (Huso huso). The distal intestine (DI) of beluga was exposed ex vivo to Staphylococcus aureus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Lactobacillus plantarum. Histological changes following bacterial exposure were assessed by light and electron microscopy. Control samples and samples exposed only to L. mesenteroides and a combination of L. mesenteroides and S. aureus, had a similar appearance to intact intestinal mucosal epithelium, with no signs of cellular damage. However, the exposure of the DI to S. aureus and L. plantarum resulted in damaged epithelial cells and disorganised microvilli. Furthermore, 16S rDNA PCR denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) was used to investigate the adherent microbiota of distal beluga intestine. Several bacterial species were identified by DGGE in the present study that has not previously been identified in beluga. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10037/4187 File(s) in this item: 1
article.pdf (2.523Mb) -
Skjesol, Astrid; SkjÆveland, ingrid; Elnæs, Marianne; Timmerhaus, Gerrit Frantz; Fredriksen, Børge Nilsen; Jørgensen, Sven Martin; Krasnov, Aleksei; Jørgensen, Jorunn B (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2011)[+][-]
Abstract: Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is an aquatic member of the Birnaviridae family that causes widespread disease in salmonids. IPNV is represented by multiple strains with markedly different virulence. Comparison of isolates reveals hyper variable regions (HVR), which are presumably associated with pathogenicity. However little is known about the rates and modes of sequence divergence and molecular mechanisms that determine virulence. Also how the host response may influence IPNV virulence is poorly described. In this study we compared two field isolates of IPNV (NFH-Ar and NFH-El). The sequence changes, replication and mortality were assessed following experimental challenge of Atlantic salmon. Gene expression analyses with qPCR and microarray were applied to examine the immune responses in head kidney. Significant differences in mortality were observed between the two isolates, and viral load in the pancreas at 13 days post infection (d p.i.) was more than 4 orders of magnitude greater for NFH-Ar in comparison with NFH-El. Sequence comparison of five viral genes from the IPNV isolates revealed different mutation rates and Ka/Ks ratios. A strong tendency towards non-synonymous mutations was found in the HRV of VP2 and in VP3. All mutations in VP5 produced precocious stop codons. Prior to the challenge, NFH-Ar and NFH-El possessed high and low virulence motifs in VP2, respectively. Nucleotide substitutions were noticed already during passage of viruses in CHSE-214 cells and their accumulation continued in the challenged fish. The sequence changes were notably directed towards low virulence. Co-ordinated activation of anti-viral genes with diverse functions (IFN-a1 and c, sensors - Rig-I, MDA-5, TLR8 and 9, signal transducers - Srk2, MyD88, effectors - Mx, galectin 9, galectin binding protein, antigen presentation - b2-microglobulin) was observed at 13 d p.i. (NFH-Ar) and 29 d p.i. (both isolates). Mortality and expression levels of the immune genes were directly related to the rate of viral replication, which was in turn associated with sequences of viral genes. Rapid changes in the viral genome that dramatically reduced virus proliferation might indicate a higher susceptibility to protective mechanism employed by the host. Disease outbreak and mortality depend on a delicate balance between host defence, regulation of signalling cascades and virus genomic properties. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10037/4017 File(s) in this item: 1
article.pdf (1.481Mb) -
Shi, Cheng-Yin; Skjesol, Astrid; Hansen, Tom Egil; Thim, Hanna Leena; Jørgensen, Jorunn B (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2010)[+][-]
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Sperstad, Sigmund; Bakke-Mckellep, AM; Penn, MH; Salas, PM; Refstie, Ståle; Landsverk, Tor; Ringø, Einar; Krogdahl, Åshild (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2007)[+][-]
Abstract: Soyabean meal (SBM)-induced enteritis in the distal intestine of the teleost Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and other salmonids may be considered a model for diet-related mucosal disorders in other animals and man. The role of the intestinal microbiota in its pathogenesis was explored. Compared to diets containing fishmeal (FM) as the sole protein source, responses to extracted SBM or the prebiotic inulin, with or without oxytetracycline (OTC) inclusion, were studied following a 3-week feeding trial. Intestinal microbiota, organosomatic indices and histology, as well as immunohistochemical detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and caspase-3-positive cells in the distal intestine, were studied. Distal intestine somatic indices (DISI) were higher in inulin and lower in SBM compared to FM-fed fish. The low DISI caused by SBM corresponded with histological changes, neither of which was affected by OTC, despite a significant decrease in adherent bacteria count. Image analysis of PCNA-stained sections showed a significant increase in the proliferative compartment length in SBM-fed fish, accompanied by apparent increases in reactivity to HSP70 and caspase-3 along the mucosal folds, indicating induction of cellular repair and apoptosis, respectively. Fish fed the SBM diet had higher total number as well as a more diverse population composition of adherent bacteria in the distal intestine. Thus SBM-induced enteritis is accompanied by induction of distal intestinal epithelial cell protective responses and changes in microbiota. Putative involvement of bacteria in the inflammatory response merits further investigation. Description: This is the publishers version/PDF (institutional repository or PubMed Central can publish publishers version after 12 month embargo) URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10037/2103 File(s) in this item: 1
article.pdf (2.478Mb) -
Tadesse, Margey; Gulliksen, Bjørn; Strøm, Morten B.; Styrvold, Olaf B.; Haug, Tor (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 18-Jun-2008)[+][-]
Abstract: Benthic marine invertebrates collected from sub-Arctic regions of northern Norway, were found to be a promising source of novel bioactive compounds against human and fish pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Lyophilized material from seven species of ascidians, six sponges and one soft alcyonid coral were extracted with 60% acidified acetonitrile (ACN). After separation into an ACN-rich phase (ACN extract) and an aqueous phase, and subsequent solid phase extraction of the aqueous phase, fractions differing in polarity were obtained and screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities, along with the more lipophilic ACN-extracts. Antimicrobial activity was determined against two Gram-negative, two Gram-positive bacteria, and two strains of fungi. Notably, all the invertebrate species in the study showed activity against all four strains of bacteria and the two strains of fungi. In general, the aqueous fractions displayed highest antimicrobial activity, and the most potent extracts were obtained from the colonial ascidian Synoicum pulmonaria which displayed activity against bacteria and fungi at a concentration of 0.02 mg/ml; the lowest concentration tested. Description: This is the accepted manuscript version of the article. Reprinted with permission. Published version is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2008.06.009
The published version of this article is part of Margey Tasesse's doctoral thesis, which is available at http://hdl.handle.net/10037/2702URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10037/2728 File(s) in this item: 1
article.pdf (2.520Mb) -
Vik, Jostein; Johnsen, Jahn Petter; Sønvisen, Signe Annie (Chapter; Bokkapittel, 2011)[+][-]
Abstract: Norsk fiskeripolitikk har siden 1930-årene hatt et innslag av distriktspolitikk. Det har fra starten av vært et mål i fiskeripolitikken å skulle bidra til bosetting og sysselsetting i Kyst-Norge. Fra 1945 og fram til omkring 1990 var bosettings- og sysselsettingsmålet likestilt med andre mål i fiskeripolitikken. Etter ressursforvaltningens gjennombrudd i 1990 ble bærekraftig ressursutnyttelse hovedmålet. For å oppfylle dette hovedmålet har fiskeripolitikken vært innrettet mot å tilpasse fiskeflåtens fangstkapasitet til ressursgrunnlaget. Nedbyggingen av fangstkapasitet har hatt positive virkninger på ressurssituasjonen og på lønnsomheten i fiskerinæringen, men politikken har også bidratt til å endre strukturen i fiskerinæringen, og har hatt store konsekvenser for kystsamfunnene. Spørsmålet er om fiskeripolitikken burde vært utformet slik at den også kan treffe bedre med hensyn til bosettings- og sysselsettingsmålet, uten at målsettingene om økologisk og økonomisk bærekraft undergraves. Vi spør derfor i denne artikkelen om hensynet til kystsamfunnene tilsier at fiskeripolitikken bør endres slik at den bedre oppfyller målsettingene om bevaring av bosetting og sysselsetting på kysten, og gjennom det også kystsamfunn og kystkultur. Vi vil vise at de regionale ulikhetene i Kyst-Norge gir grunnlag for å vurdere en sterkere regional differensiering i fiskeripolitikken, uten at det utfordrer de gitte ressursmessige rammene og fordelingsordningene som i dag eksisterer i fiskerinæringen. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10037/4822 File(s) in this item: 1
article.pdf (1.441Mb)
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