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dc.contributor.advisorMathiesen, Ellisiv
dc.contributor.authorCarlsson, Maria
dc.date.accessioned2021-10-28T09:24:11Z
dc.date.available2021-10-28T09:24:11Z
dc.date.issued2021-11-12
dc.description.abstractIntracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the second most common subtype of stroke. The prognosis is poor. However, it is to a large degree a preventable disease. The aim of our study was to analyse the association between cardiovascular risk factors and risk of ICH, and to assess the impact of changes in risk factor levels over time on incidence rates of ICH. In addition, we aimed to analyse short- and long-term mortality after ICH. The Tromsø study is an ongoing, longitudinal population-based study with repeated health surveys, with >45,000 attendees, providing an unique opportunity to assess longitudinal data on ICH epidemiology in a general population in a well-defined geographical area. Age, male sex, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly associated with increased risk of ICH. Incidence rates were stable in the overall population in the period 1995-2013. In women incidence rates decreased, whereas incidence rates in men were stable. Lower blood pressure levels, and a steeper decrease in blood pressure in women may have contributed to the difference in trends. Despite an increase in treatment of hypertension, less than half of attendees of the last survey who had hypertension were on blood pressure-lowering drugs. Of these, two-thirds had uncontrolled hypertension. One-month case fatality and 5-year mortality rates remained stable. Participants who survived the first 30 days after ICH had a more than 60% increased 5-year risk of death compared with controls matched by birth-year and sex. The main cause of death was cardiovascular disease. Smoking, serum cholesterol and use of anticoagulant drugs at time of ICH were associated with increased risk of 5-year mortality after ICH. Our results indicate that there is a need for improved primary prevention of ICH. The stable short- and long-term mortality rates probably reflect the limited treatment possibilities of ICH and emphasize the urge for improved treatment strategies in the acute phase and a need for better knowledge on secondary prevention after ICH.en_US
dc.description.abstractIntracerebral blødning (ICB) er den nest hyppigste type av hjerneslag. Prognosen etter ICB er alvorlig, men det er en sykdom som i stor grad kan forebygges. Vi ønsket å undersøke hvilke risikofaktorer som øker risikoen for ICB, og om endringer i risikofaktorer over tid har påvirket forekomsten av ICB. I tillegg ønsket vi å undersøke kort- og langtidsdødelighet etter ICB. Tromsøundersøkelsen er en pågående longitudinell populasjonsbasert studie med repeterte målinger med over 45,000 deltakere. Undersøkelsen gir en unik mulighet til å analysere endringer over tid i insidens og dødelighet og risiko-faktorer for ICB i befolkningen. Vi fant at alder, mannlig kjønn, systolisk og diastolisk blodtrykk var signifikant assosiert med risikoen for ICB. Insidensraten av ICB var stabil i den samlede befolkningen i perioden 1995-2013. Vi observerte imidlertid en nedgang i insidens av ICB hos kvinner. Insidensratene hos menn var stabile. Lavere blodtrykksnivåer og en større nedgang i blodtrykk hos kvinner kan ha bidratt til forskjellen i trend. Blant deltakere med hypertensjon økte andelen som ble behandlet og hadde velregulert blodtrykk. Til tross for dette var mindre enn halvparten av deltakere med hypertensjon i siste del av studien medikamentelt behandlet. To tredeler av disse hadde ukontrollert hypertensjon. Det var ingen endring i 30-dagers fatalitet og 5-års dødelighet. Blant deltakere som var i live 30 dager etter ICB var risikoen for død i løpet av 5 år mer enn 60% høyere sammenlignet med kontroller matchet for fødselsår og kjønn. Forskjellen kunne forklares av en økt risiko for død av kardiovaskulær sykdom hos pasienter med ICB. Røyking, serum kolesterol og bruk av antikoagulantia på blødningstidspunktet var assosiert med økt risiko for 5-års dødelighet. De stabile insidensratene viser at det er behov for en forbedret forebygging av ICB. Stabile trender i kort- og langtidsdødelighet indikerer at det er et behov for mer effektiv behandling av ICB. I tillegg er det behov for økt kunnskap om sekundærprofylakse etter ICB.en_US
dc.description.doctoraltypeph.d.en_US
dc.description.popularabstractIn this thesis, I have studied the incidence rates of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in 1995-2013 in 38,000 attendees of the Tromsø Study, the impact of changes in risk factors over time on ICH incidence, and the short- and long-term mortality after ICH. High age, male sex and high blood pressure were associated with ICH. Incidence rates decreased in women, but remained stable in men. Lower blood pressure levels and a steeper decrease in blood pressure in women may have contributed to the difference. The mortality rates remained stable. Compared with the general population, patients with ICH who survived the first 30 days had a 60% increased risk for death during long-term follow-up. High cholesterol, smoking and use of anticoagulant drugs increased the risk of death in patients with ICH. The results underline the importance of improved treatment of blood pressure to prevent ICH. There is also a need for improved acute treatment and more knowledge on preventive treatment after ICH.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipUiT, Norges arktiske universiteten_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/22858
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherUiT The Arctic University of Norwayen_US
dc.publisherUiT Norges arktiske universiteten_US
dc.relation.haspart<p>Paper I: Carlsson, M., Wilsgaard, T., Johnsen, S.H., Vangen-Lønne, A.M., Løchen, M.L., Njølstad, I. & Mathiesen, E.B. (2016). Temporal trends in incidence and case fatality of intracerebral hemorrhage: the Tromsø Study 1995-2012. <i>Cerebrovascular Diseases Extra, 6</i>(2), 40-49. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/11737>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/11737</a>. <p>Paper II: Carlsson, M., Wilsgaard, T., Johnsen, S.H., Johnsen, L.H., Løchen, M.L., Njølstad, I. & Mathiesen, E.B. (2019). The impact of risk factor trends on intracerebral hemorrhage incidence over the last two decades – The Tromsø Study. <i>International Journal of Stroke, 14</i>(1), 61-68. Also available at <a href=https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1747493018789996>https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1747493018789996</a>. <p>Paper III: Carlsson, M., Wilsgaard, T., Johnsen, S.H., Johnsen, L.H., Løchen, M.L., Njølstad, I. & Mathiesen, E.B. Long-term survival, causes of death and trends in five-year mortality after intracerebral hemorrhage. The Tromsø Study. (Manuscript). Now published in <i>Stroke</i>, 2021, available at <a href=https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.032750>https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.032750</a>.en_US
dc.rights.accessRightsopenAccessen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2021 The Author(s)
dc.subject.courseIDDOKTOR-003
dc.subjectVDP::Medisinske Fag: 700::Helsefag: 800::Epidemiologi medisinsk og odontologisk statistikk: 803en_US
dc.subjectVDP::Medical disciplines: 700::Health sciences: 800::Epidemiology medical and dental statistics: 803en_US
dc.subjectThe Tromsø Studyen_US
dc.subjectTromsøundersøkelsenen_US
dc.titleTemporal trends in intracerebral hemorrhage in a general population. Incidence, risk factors, case fatality and long-term mortality. The Tromsø Studyen_US
dc.typeDoctoral thesisen_US
dc.typeDoktorgradsavhandlingen_US


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