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dc.contributor.advisorSagstuen Haugnes, Hege
dc.contributor.authorHellesnes, Ragnhild
dc.date.accessioned2021-11-09T09:34:39Z
dc.date.available2021-11-09T09:34:39Z
dc.date.issued2021-11-26
dc.description.abstract<p><i>Background/aims:</i> Testicular cancer (TC) is the most common cancer among young men aged 20-40 years. The cure rates are excellent, an important factor being the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin. This thesis aimed to investigate how TC treatment influenced the subsequent risk for metachronous contralateral (second) TC, non-TC second cancer (SC) and non-TC mortality. <p><i>Methods:</i> The Cancer Registry of Norway (CRN) identified all men diagnosed with TC 1980-2009. Complete TC treatment information was retrieved from medical journals for all eligible men (n=5724) and linked with the CRN and the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry. Crude cumulative incidences were estimated, and standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated to compare rates with the general population. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated to investigate the effect of treatment intensity. <p><i>Results:</i> Median follow-up time in the three papers was 16.6-18.7 years. Second TC developed in 218 (3.9%) men, and the 20-year cumulative incidence was 4% (95% CI 3.5-4.6). Treatment with cisplatin-based chemotherapy (CBCT) at first TC was associated with a significantly reduced second TC risk compared with surgery (HR 0.55). A dose-dependent relationship was observed, with a risk reduction for each additional CBCT cycle after 3, 4 and >4 cycles (HRs 0.53, 0.41 and 0.21, respectively). Additionally, older age at first TC was associated with a reduced second TC risk. Overall, 572 (10.2%) men developed a non-TC SC, and compared with the general population the risk was increased after treatment with surgery (SIR 1.28, 95% CI 1.05-1.56), CBCT (SIR 1.62, 95% CI 1.39-1.88) and radiotherapy (SIR 1.64, 95% CI 1.46-1.85). In total, 665 (12%) men died due to non-TC causes during follow-up, and the risk was increased after CBCT (SMR 1.23, 95% CI 1.07-1.43) and radiotherapy (SMR 1.28, 95% CI 1.15-1.43), but not after surgery. Compared with the general population, increased risk for suicide was observed after treatment with CBCT. The highest risk for SC and non-TC mortality was observed in those with young age at TC diagnosis. Compared with surgery, treatment with 1 CBCT cycle was not associated with increased risks, while increased risks were observed after ≥2 (SC) and ≥3 (mortality) CBCT cycles in those with >10 years follow-up. <p><i>Conclusions:</i> Previous TC treatment as well as age at diagnosis influenced the subsequent risks for second TC, SC and premature non-TC mortality. This information is important for all TC survivors and for health personnel involved in the follow-up.en_US
dc.description.abstract<p><i>Bakgrunn:</i> Testikkelkreft er den vanligste kreftsykdommen blant unge menn. Heldigvis kureres de aller fleste, og cellegiften cisplatin er en viktig årsak til dette. Målsetninga med denne avhandlinga var å undersøke hvordan testikkelkreftbehandling påvirker den seinere risiko for å utvikle metakron kontralateral testikkelkreft (ny testikkelkreft), sekundærkreft (ikke testikkelkreft) og risiko for død av andre årsaker enn testikkelkreft. <p><i>Metode:</i> Kreftregisteret identifiserte alle menn diagnostisert med testikkelkreft i perioden 1980-2009. Komplett informasjon om behandling ble samla fra medisinske journaler for alle menn inkludert i studien (n=5724) og koblet med data fra Kreftregisteret og Dødsårsaksregisteret. Kumulativ insidens ble estimert. For å sammenligne med den generelle befolkning kalkulerte vi standardisert insidensratio (SIR) og standardisert mortalitetsratio (SMR). Justerte hasard ratio (HR) ble estimert for å undersøke effekten av behandlingsintensitet. <p><i>Resultater:</i> Median oppfølgingstid i de tre arbeidene var 16.6-18.7 år. Det var 218 (3.9%) menn som utviklet en ny testikkelkreft, og 20 års kumulativ insidens var 4% (95% konfidensintervall (KI) 3.5-4.6). Behandling med cisplatin-basert cellegift (CBCT) ved første testikkelkreft var assosiert med en signifikant reduksjon i risiko for ny testikkelkreft sammenligna med kirurgi (HR 0.55). Vi observerte en dose-respons-sammenheng med en risikoreduksjon for hver påfølgende kur med CBCT etter 3 (HR 0.53), 4 (HR 0.41), >4 (HR 0.21). Alder >30 år ved første testikkelkreft var også assosiert med redusert risiko for en ny testikkelkreft. Totalt var det 572 (10.2%) menn som utviklet sekundærkreft, og sammenligna med den generelle befolkning var risikoen økt etter kirurgi (SIR 1.28, 95% KI 1.05-1.56), CBCT (SIR 1.62, 95% KI 1.39-1.88) og strålebehandling (SIR 1.64, 95% KI 1.46-1.85). Det var 665 (12%) menn som døde av andre årsaker enn testikkelkreft, og risikoen var forhøyet etter behandling med CBCT (SMR 1.23, 95% KI 1.07-1.43) og strålebehandling (SMR 1.28, 95% KI 1.15-1.43), men ikke etter kun kirurgi. Sammenligna med generell befolkning fant vi en økt risiko for selvmord etter behandling med CBCT. Den høyeste risikoen for sekundærkreft og død (ikke testikkelkreft) ble observert blant de som var yngst ved testikkelkreftdiagnosen. <p><i>Konklusjon:</i> Testikkelkreftbehandling og alder ved diagnose påvirker den seinere risikoen for ny testikkelkreft, sekundærkreft og for tidlig død. Dette er viktig informasjon for testikkelkreft-overlevere og helsepersonell involvert i oppfølginga av denne gruppa kreftoverlevere.en_US
dc.description.doctoraltypeph.d.en_US
dc.description.popularabstractHow does testicular cancer (TC) treatment influence the subsequent risk for a second TC, a second cancer other than TC and mortality? Complete TC treatment details were retrieved for all men diagnosed with TC in Norway 1980-2009 (n=5724) and linked with the Cancer Registry of Norway and the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry. Treatment with cisplatin-based chemotherapy reduced the second TC risk compared with surgery, with a further risk reduction for each additional cycle administered. Older age at first TC also reduced the risk. Compared with the general population, treatment with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy was associated with an increased risk of a second cancer and of premature mortality. Additionally, increased second cancer risk was observed after treatment with surgery only. Young age at TC diagnosis was associated with the highest risk of second cancer or mortality compared with the general population. This information is important for health personnel and TC survivors.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipHelse Nord prosjektnummer SPF1230-15 og HNF1582-21en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/22955
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherUiT The Arctic University of Norwayen_US
dc.publisherUiT Norges arktiske universiteten_US
dc.relation.haspart<p>Paper I: Hellesnes, R., Kvammen, Ø., Myklebust, T.Å., Bremnes, R.M., Karlsdottir, Á., Negaard, H.F., … Haugnes, H.S. (2020). Continuing increased risk of second cancer in long-term testicular cancer survivors after treatment in the cisplatin era. <i>International Journal of Cancer, 147</i>, 21-32. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/17956>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/17956</a>. <p>Paper II: Hellesnes, R., Myklebust, T.A., Bremnes, R.M., Karlsdottir, A., Kvammen, O., Negaard, H.F.S., … Haugnes, H.S. (2021). Metachronous contralateral testicular cancer in the cisplatin era: a population-based cohort study. <i>Journal of Clinical Oncology, 39</i>(4), 308-318. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/20855>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/20855</a>. <p>Paper III: Hellesnes, R., Myklebust, T.A., Fossa, S.D., Bremnes, R.M., Karlsdottir, A., Kvammen, O., … Haugnes, H.S. Testicular cancer in the cisplatin era: Causes of death and mortality rates in a population-based cohort. (Manuscript in revision). Manuscript not available in Munin due to publisher’s restrictions. Now published in the <i>Journal of Clinical Oncology</i>, 2021, available at <a href=https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.21.00637> https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.21.00637</a>.en_US
dc.rights.accessRightsopenAccessen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2021 The Author(s)
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0en_US
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)en_US
dc.subjectVDP::Medisinske Fag: 700::Klinisk medisinske fag: 750::Onkologi: 762en_US
dc.subjectVDP::Medical disciplines: 700::Clinical medical disciplines: 750::Oncology: 762en_US
dc.subjectVDP::Medisinske Fag: 700::Helsefag: 800::Epidemiologi medisinsk og odontologisk statistikk: 803en_US
dc.subjectVDP::Medical disciplines: 700::Health sciences: 800::Epidemiology medical and dental statistics: 803en_US
dc.titleTesticular cancer survivors in the cisplatin era: Metachronous contralateral testicular cancer, second cancer and causes of deathen_US
dc.typeDoctoral thesisen_US
dc.typeDoktorgradsavhandlingen_US


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