dc.contributor.advisor | Anne-Sofie, Furberg | |
dc.contributor.author | Stensen, Dina Benedicte Berg | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2022-03-14T12:27:55Z | |
dc.date.available | 2022-03-14T12:27:55Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2022-04-01 | |
dc.description.abstract | <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>) is a human pathogen that can colonize skin and mucosa. Nasal carriage is associated with increased risk of autoinfection and transmission and it is therefore important to identify possible targets for prevention of carriage. Sex and age are the most important risk factors for <i>S. aureus</i> carriage, and hypotheses about sex-steroids as major host determinants have therefore emerged. We investigated if hormonal contraceptives and endogenous sex-steroids were associated with <i>S. aureus</i> carriage. We studied the transmission of <i>S. aureus</i> carriage in social networks and examined if known host risk factors for carriage were associated with social contact, indicating potential confounding or indirect transmission. We used data from the cross-sectional health surveys Fit Futures 1&2 and the sixth Tromsø Study. Females taking combination hormonal contraceptives (containing both estrogen and progestin) had doubled odds of nasal carriage compared to non-users. Users of progestin-only contraceptives had half the odds of nasal carriage compared to non-users. An increase in endogenous testosterone in women gave reduced odds of <i>S. aureus</i> nasal carriage. We found similar associations in adult men, but data were inconclusive. We demonstrate transmission of <i>S. aureus</i> and specific <i>S. aureus</i> genotypes in a social network of youths. We found higher risk of transmission with female friendships, while male friendships had no influence on transmission, although men were more frequent carriers. Use of alcohol more than twice a month, normal BMI, and moderate/high physical activity were associated with transmission. The results suggest that both exogenous and endogenous sex-steroid exposures are relevant in carriage of <i>S. aureus</i>. We show for the first time that the male predominance in carriage is determined by sex-specific predisposing host characteristics as <i>S. aureus</i> social transmission is less frequent than in females. We need more prospective studies to clarify causal relationships and targets for prevention. | en_US |
dc.description.abstract | Gule stafylokokker er en viktig årsak til alvorlige infeksjoner hos mennesker. Bærere av gule stafylokokker har økt risiko for infeksjon og smitte. Det er derfor avgjørende å øke kunnskapen om bærerskap for å kunne identifisere mulige strategier for forebygging av infeksjon og smitte. Fra tidligere studier vet vi at kjønn og alder er bestemmende for bærerskap. Dette har fremmet hypoteser om at kjønnshormoner kan være viktige determinanter. Vi undersøkte om hormonell prevensjon og nivå av kroppens egne kjønnshormoner har betydning for bærerskap av gule stafylokokker. Vi studerte også spredning av bakterien i sosiale nettverk og undersøkte om kjente risikofaktorer for bærerskap var assosiert med sosial kontakt. Vi brukte data fra tverrsnittstudiene Fit Futures 1&2 og den sjette Tromsøundersøkelsen. Resultatene viser at bruk av hormonell prevensjon som inneholder østrogen og progestin, ga dobbel odds for bærerskap sammenlignet med ikke-bruk. Bruk av hormonell prevensjon som bare inneholdt progestin halverte oddsen sammenlignet med ikke-bruk. Høyere nivå av serum testosteron hos voksne kvinner ga redusert odds for bærerskap. Vi fant også lignende assosiasjoner hos menn, men dataene var inkonklusive. Analysene våre viser at bærerskap av gule stafylokokker og spesifikke genotyper smitter i sosiale nettverk blant ungdom. Det var høyere risiko for smitte hos kvinner, mens mannlig kjønn ikke påvirket smitten selv om prevalensen var høyre hos menn. Bruk av alkohol mer enn to ganger i måneden, normal BMI og moderat/høy fysisk aktivitet var assosiert med høyere risiko for overføring av bakterien. Resultatene tyder på at kjønnshormoner er svært relevant når det kommer til bærerskap av gule stafylokokker. Vi viser at sosial kontakt er viktigere for spredning av gule stafylokokker innad blant kvinner enn blant menn. Den høyere forekomsten av bærerskap hos menn er derfor i stor grad uttrykk for iboende vertsfaktorer. Vi trenger flere prospektive studier for å avklare årsakssammenhenger og mål for forebygging. | en_US |
dc.description.doctoraltype | ph.d. | en_US |
dc.description.popularabstract | The common, but deadly bacteria Staphylococcus aureus can be found in the nasal cavity of 30 % of healthy adults. These human carriers have increased risk of serious infections and of transmission of the bacteria. Former studies have shown that men and younger age are the two most important risk factors for carriage, could this be because of sex hormones? In this thesis we examined if hormonal exposures influence carriage of this bacteria, and if transmission between humans follows friendship ties. We used the Norwegian youth health survey Fit Futures to show higher risk of carriage in females using hormonal contraceptives, and the adult health survey, Tromsø 6 study, to show lower risk of carriage with increasing levels of testosterone in women. We also demonstrated transmission of the bacteria through a social network of youths. We hope that these results will provide better understanding of bacterial carriage, and eventually lead to treatment and elimination of carriage status. | en_US |
dc.description.sponsorship | The Northern Norway Regional Health Authority (Helse Nord, Project number: HNF1457-19) | en_US |
dc.identifier.uri | https://hdl.handle.net/10037/24401 | |
dc.language.iso | eng | en_US |
dc.publisher | UiT The Arctic University of Norway | en_US |
dc.publisher | UiT Norges arktiske universitet | en_US |
dc.relation.haspart | <p>Paper I: Stensen, D.B., Småbrekke, L., Olsen, K., Grimnes, G., Nielsen, C.S., Simonsen, G.S., Sollid, J.U.E. & Furberg, A.S. (2019). Hormonal contraceptive use and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> nasal and throat carriage in a Norwegian youth population. <i>PLoS One, 14</i>(7), e0218511. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/16294>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/16294</a>.
<p>Paper II: Stensen, D.B., Småbrekke, L., Olsen, K., Grimnes, G., Nielsen, C.S., Sollid, J.U.E., … Furberg, A.S. (2021). Circulating sex-steroids and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> nasal carriage in a general female population. <i>European Journal of Endocrinology, 184</i>(2), 337-346. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/21942>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/21942</a>.
<p>Paper III: Stensen, D.B., Småbrekke, L., Olsen, K., Grimnes, G., Nielsen, C.S., Sollid, J.U.E., … Furberg, A.S. Circulating sex-steroids and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> nasal carriage in a general male population. (Submitted manuscript).
<p>Paper IV: Stensen, D.B., Cañadas, R.A.N., Småbrekke, L., Olsen, K., Nielsen, C.S., Svendsen, K., … Furberg, A.S. Social network analysis of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> carriage in a general youth population. (Manuscript). | en_US |
dc.rights.accessRights | openAccess | en_US |
dc.rights.holder | Copyright 2022 The Author(s) | |
dc.rights.uri | https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 | en_US |
dc.rights | Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) | en_US |
dc.subject | VDP::Medical disciplines: 700::Health sciences: 800::Epidemiology medical and dental statistics: 803 | en_US |
dc.subject | VDP::Medisinske Fag: 700::Helsefag: 800::Epidemiologi medisinsk og odontologisk statistikk: 803 | en_US |
dc.subject | VDP::Medical disciplines: 700::Clinical medical disciplines: 750::Other clinical medical disciplines: 799 | en_US |
dc.subject | VDP::Medisinske Fag: 700::Klinisk medisinske fag: 750::Andre klinisk medisinske fag: 799 | en_US |
dc.subject | Tromsøundersøkelsen | en_US |
dc.subject | The Tromsø Study | en_US |
dc.title | Sex-steroids and social network in relation to Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage | en_US |
dc.type | Doctoral thesis | en_US |
dc.type | Doktorgradsavhandling | en_US |