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dc.contributor.authorEtzelmüller, Bernd
dc.contributor.authorCzekirda, Justyna
dc.contributor.authorMagnin, Florence
dc.contributor.authorDuvillard, Pierre-Allain
dc.contributor.authorRavanel, Ludovic
dc.contributor.authorMalet, Emanuelle
dc.contributor.authorAspaas, Andreas Grøvan
dc.contributor.authorKristensen, Lene
dc.contributor.authorSkrede, Ingrid
dc.contributor.authorMajala, Gudrun D.
dc.contributor.authorJacobs, Benjamin
dc.contributor.authorLeinauer, Johannes
dc.contributor.authorHauck, Christian
dc.contributor.authorHilbich, Christin
dc.contributor.authorBöhme, Martina
dc.contributor.authorHermanns, Reginald
dc.contributor.authorEriksen, Harald Øverli
dc.contributor.authorLauknes, Tom Rune
dc.contributor.authorKrautblatter, Michael
dc.contributor.authorWestermann, Sebastian
dc.date.accessioned2022-05-24T06:41:04Z
dc.date.available2022-05-24T06:41:04Z
dc.date.issued2022-02-01
dc.description.abstractThe warming and subsequent degradation of mountain permafrost within alpine areas represent an important process influencing the stability of steep slopes and rock faces. The unstable and monitored slopes of Mannen (Møre and Romsdal county, southern Norway) and Gámanjunni-3 (Troms and Finnmark county, northern Norway) were classified as high-risk sites by the Norwegian Geological Survey (NGU). Failure initiation has been suggested to be linked to permafrost degradation, but the detailed permafrost distribution at the sites is unknown. Rock wall (RW) temperature loggers at both sites have measured the thermal regime since 2015, showing mean rock surface temperatures between 2.5 and −1.6 ◦C depending on site and topographic aspect. Between 2016 and 2019 we conducted 2D and 3D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) surveys on the plateau and directly within the rock wall back scarp of the unstable slopes at both sites. In combination with geophysical laboratory analysis of rock wall samples from both sites, the ERT soundings indicate widespread permafrost areas, especially at Gámanjunni-3. Finally, we conducted 2D thermal modelling to evaluate the potential thermal regime, along with an analysis of available displacement rate measurements based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and ground- and satellite-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) methods. Surface air and ground temperatures have increased significantly since ca. 1900 by 1 and 1.5 ◦C, and the highest temperatures have been measured and modelled since 2000 at both study sites. We observed a seasonality of displacement, with increasing velocities during late winter and early spring and the highest velocities in June, probably related to water pressure variations during snowmelt. The displacement rates of Gámanjunni-3 rockslide co-vary with subsurface resistivity and modelled ground temperature. Increased displacement rates seem to be associated with sub-zero ground temperatures and higher ground resistivity. This might be related to the presence of ground ice in fractures and pores close to the melting point, facilitating increased deformation. The study demonstrates and discusses the possible influence of permafrost, at least locally, on the dynamics of large rock slope instabilities.en_US
dc.identifier.citationEtzelmüller, Czekirda, Magnin, Duvillard, Ravanel, Malet, Aspaas, Kristensen, Skrede, Majala, Jacobs, Leinauer, Hauck, Hilbich, Böhme, Hermanns, Eriksen, Lauknes, Krautblatter, Westermann. Permafrost in monitored unstable rock slopes in Norway-New insights from temperature and surface velocity measurements, geophysical surveying, and ground temperature modelling. Earth Surface Dynamics. 2022;10(1):97-129en_US
dc.identifier.cristinIDFRIDAID 2026061
dc.identifier.doi10.5194/esurf-10-97-2022
dc.identifier.issn2196-6311
dc.identifier.issn2196-632X
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/25261
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherCopernicus Publicationsen_US
dc.relation.journalEarth Surface Dynamics
dc.rights.accessRightsopenAccessen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2022 The Author(s)en_US
dc.titlePermafrost in monitored unstable rock slopes in Norway-New insights from temperature and surface velocity measurements, geophysical surveying, and ground temperature modellingen_US
dc.type.versionpublishedVersionen_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.typeTidsskriftartikkelen_US
dc.typePeer revieweden_US


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