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dc.contributor.advisorMartinez-Zubiaurre, Inigo
dc.contributor.authorLode, Kristin
dc.date.accessioned2023-08-14T21:24:14Z
dc.date.available2023-08-14T21:24:14Z
dc.date.issued2023-08-25
dc.description.abstract<p>Tumours are highly complex tissues comprised of both malignant tumour cells and non-malignant healthy cells. Cells and tissues surrounding solid tumours make out the stroma, which provide physical support to the growing tumour structures, in addition to provide nutrients and facilitate waste removal. In the last four decades, it has become increasingly evident that stromal cells play important roles in most aspects of tumour development and anti-cancer treatment response. Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) is one of the most abundant cell type in the stroma of solid tumours. In addition to being master regulators of the tumour microenvironment, they secrete an array of factors that support tumour survival. <p>CAFs are inherently radioresistant, and survive the high doses of radiotherapy directed to the tumour. CAFs remain active in the tumour and its microenvironment after radiotherapy, but they display several changed characteristics. Little is known about how these changes after radiotherapy affect CAFs ability to interact with, and regulate, other cells in the stromal compartment, such as immune cells. In paper I, we investigated the effect of radiotherapy on CAFs immunoregulatory function on natural killer cells. In this work, we observed no effect of radiotherapy on CAFs immunoregulatory function towards natural killer cells. <p>In addition to inducing cell death in tumour cells, radiotherapy can also induce several epigenetic changes in all the exposed cells. Changes in the epigenetic landscape of tumour cells after radiotherapy have been extensively studied, but little is known about the effects of radiotherapy on epigenetic mechanisms in CAFs. In paper II, we conducted a screening of the methylation status of genes related to tumour development and immunomodulation in CAFs. We identified six genes displaying dose and/or time dependent changes in methylation status after radiotherapy. <p>The presence of CAFs in the tumour stroma is associated with worse prognosis in many solid malignancies. Much is still unknown about the persisting action of CAFs in the stroma after radiotherapy, and how this affects the outcome of therapy. Molecular imaging can be used to visualise different cell subsets by the use of PET radiotracers against a specific cellular marker. In paper III, we used the novel [18F]-AlF-FAPI-74 radiotracer against CAF marker FAP in two murine tumour models to investigate the impact of radiotherapy on CAFs in vivo. We observed some changes in the tumour specific expression of FAP after different regimens of radiotherapy, despite the limited presence of CAFs in the tumours.en_US
dc.description.abstract<p>Kreftsvulster er svært komplekse vev som består av både ondartede kreftceller og friske celler. Celler og vev som ligger rundt svulstene utgjør det som kaller stroma. Stroma gir både fysisk støtte til den voksende svulsten, i tillegg til å forsyne denne med næringsstoffer og fjerne avfallsstoffer. I løpet av de siste fire tiårene har det blitt stadig tydeligere at cellene i stroma spiller viktige roller i de fleste aspekter av kreftutvikling og behandlingsrespons. Kreftassosierte fibroblaster (CAF) er en av de mest tallrike celletypene i stroma til faste svulster. I tillegg til å regulere mikromiljøet til svulsten, skiller de ut en rekke faktorer som støtter overlevelse av kreftcellene. <p>CAF er naturlig stråleresistente, og overlever høye doser av strålebehandling rettet mot svulsten. CAFer forblir aktive i svulsten og dets mikromiljø etter strålebehandling, men de har flere endrede egenskaper. Det er mye usikkerhet rundt hvordan disse endringene etter strålebehandling påvirker CAFenes evne til å samhandle med, og regulere, andre celler i stroma, for eksempel immunceller. I artikkel I undersøkte vi effekten av strålebehandling på CAFs immunregulerende funksjon på naturlige drepeceller. I dette arbeidet observerte vi ingen effekt av strålebehandling på CAFs immunregulerende funksjon på naturlige dreperceller. <p>I tillegg til å indusere celledød i kreftceller, kan strålebehandling også fremkalle flere epigenetiske endringer i alle de eksponerte cellene. Endringer i det epigenetiske landskapet til kreftceller etter strålebehandling har blitt grundig studert, men lite er kjent om effekten av strålebehandling på epigenetiske mekanismer i CAF. I artikkel II gjennomførte vi en screening av metyleringsstatusen til gener relatert til krefttvikling og immunmodulering i CAF. Vi identifiserte seks gener som viser dose- og/eller tidsavhengige endringer i metyleringsstatus etter strålebehandling. <p>Tilstedeværelsen av CAF i stroma er forbundet med dårligere prognoser blandt mange krefttyper. Mye er fortsatt ukjent angående de vedvarende funksjonene av CAF i stroma etter strålebehandling, og hvordan dette påvirker utfallet av behandlinger. Molekylær avbildning kan brukes til å visualisere forskjellige celletyper ved bruk av PET sporstoffer mot spesifikke cellulære markører. I artikkel III brukte vi det nye sporstoffet 18F-AlF-FAPI-74 mot CAF markøren FAP i to kreftmodeller i mus for å undersøke effekten av stråleterapi på CAF in vivo. Vi observerte noen endringer i uttrykk av FAP i svulster etter forskjellige strålebehandlingsregimer, til tross for begrenset tilstedeværelse av CAF i svulstene.en_US
dc.description.doctoraltypeph.d.en_US
dc.description.popularabstractTumours are highly complex tissues comprised of both malignant tumour cells and non-malignant healthy cells. Cells and tissues surrounding solid tumours make out the stroma, which provide physical support to the growing tumour structures, in addition to provide nutrients and facilitate waste removal. In the last four decades, it has become increasingly evident that stromal cells play important roles in most aspects of tumour development and anti-cancer treatment response. Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) is one of the most abundant cell type in the stroma of solid tumours. In addition to being master regulators of the tumour microenvironment, they secrete an array of factors that support tumour survival. The work in this thesis is aiming to explore some of the effects of radiotherapy on the ability of CAFs to regulate the tumour stroma and cell components residing there.en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/29913
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherUiT The Arctic University of Norwayen_US
dc.publisherUiT Norges arktiske universiteten_US
dc.relation.haspart<p>Paper I: Yang, N., Lode, K., Berzaghi, R., Islam, A., Martinez-Zubiaurre, I. & Hellevik, T. (2021). Irradiated tumor fibroblasts avoid immune recognition and retain immunosuppressive functions over natural killer cells. <i>Frontiers in Immunology, 11</i>, 602530. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/23074>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/23074</a>. <p>Paper II: Lode, K., Martinez-Zubiaurre, I. & Herranz Carnero, M. Screening of radiation induced DNA methylation of tumour regulatory genes in cancer associated fibroblasts. (Submitted manuscript). <p>Paper III: Lode, K., Guttormsen, Y., Hellevik, T., Berzaghi, R., Oteiza, A., Herranz Carnero, M., Moldes-Anaya, A., Kranz, M. & Martinez-Zubiaurre, I. Preclinical evaluation of [18F]AlF-FAPI-74 as PET imaging biomarker to study cancer associated fibroblasts responses to radiotherapy. (Manuscript).en_US
dc.rights.accessRightsopenAccessen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2023 The Author(s)
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0en_US
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)en_US
dc.titleCancer associated fibroblasts and their regulatory functions in the context of radiotherapyen_US
dc.typeDoctoral thesisen_US
dc.typeDoktorgradsavhandlingen_US


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