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dc.contributor.advisorRinaldo, Christine Hanssen
dc.contributor.authorLorentzen, Elias Myrvoll
dc.date.accessioned2024-05-13T09:59:05Z
dc.date.available2024-05-13T09:59:05Z
dc.date.embargoEndDate2025-05-24
dc.date.issued2024-05-24
dc.description.abstractBK Polyomavirus (BKPyV) infects most humans and causes an unnoticed lifelong infection of kidney epithelial cells. In immunosuppressed kidney transplant recipients, unchecked high-level BKPyV replication causes BKPyV nephropathy, a disease leading to reduced allograft function and premature allograft loss. The aim of this thesis was to learn more about BKPyV replication and dissemination, as such knowledge is a necessity for development of future treatments. Here, we retrospectively characterised the BKPyV strain and replication in two kidney transplant recipients developing BKPyV nephropathy after receiving allografts from the same donor. Moreover, we measured the neutralising antibody response in both recipients and the donor. The results suggested a donor-derived infection. Although both recipients developed a robust antibody response, only one cleared BKPyV DNA in plasma. The spread of BKPyV from kidney epithelial cells is poorly understood. Using primary human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells, we modelled the polarized kidney epithelium. We found that progeny virus was released into the apical compartment after cell death. In addition to free virus, extrusion of decoy-like cells that could transmit BKPyV, were found. Only after extensive replication, was BKPyV DNA found in the basolateral compartment. Microscopy of BKPyV infected RPTECs revealed features of in vivo infection such as cytoplasmic vacuolization. The vacuoles were found to be enlarged endo-/lysosomes and were caused by a massive uptake of BKPyV. Using time-lapse microscopy, we show that vacuolization is concentrated in cells surrounding dead cells, indicating cell-to-cell spread of BKPyV. Summarised, this thesis suggests that BKPyV disseminate in pre-urine as free virus and decoy cells. Decoy cells contributes to cell-to-cell spread of BKPyV and potentially helps the virus to evade neutralising antibodies. Our in vitro results resonate with our case report, as high levels of neutralising antibodies were not enough to clear BKPyV replication.en_US
dc.description.abstractBK Polyomavirus (BKPyV) infiserer de fleste mennesker og etablerere en ikke-merkbar og livslang infeksjon i nyreepitelceller. I immunsupprimerte nyretransplanterte pasienter vil uhindret BKPyV replikasjon forårsake BKPyV nefropati, en sykdom som fører til redusert nyregraft funksjon og for tidlig tap av nyregraftet. Målet med denne avhandlingen var å lære mer om BKPyV replikasjon og spredning, siden dette er nødvendig for å utvikle nye behandlinger. Vi har retrospektivt karakterisert BKPyV variant og replikasjon i to nyretransplanterte pasienter som utviklet BKPyV nefropati etter å ha mottatt en nyre hver fra samme donor. Vi målte også den nøytraliserende antistoff-responsen i begge pasientene og donoren. Resultatene våre viser at pasientene hadde en donor-derivert infeksjon. På tross av at begge resipientene hadde en kraftig antistoff-respons, var det kun en av de som ble negativ for BKPyV DNA i plasma. Spredningen av BKPyV fra nyreepitelceller er dårlig forstått. Ved å bruke primære humane proksimale tubuli-nyreepitelceller har vi laget en cellekulturmodell for polarisert nyreepitel. Vi fant ut at dattervirus ble sluppet ut i det apikale rommet etter celledød. I tillegg til fritt virus, fant vi også ekstruerte «decoy-aktige» celler som kunne spre BKPyV. Først etter uttalt virusreplikasjon fant man BKPyV DNA i det basolaterale rommet. Mikroskopi av BKPyV-infiserte nyreepitelceller avslørte nye trekk ved infeksjon, som cytoplasmatisk vakuolisering. Vakuolene var forstørrede endosomer og lysosomer og var forårsaket av enormt opptak av BKPyV. Time-lapse mikroskopi viste at vakuolisering var konsentrert til celler som var omkringliggende døde, infiserte celler, som igjen tyder på celle-til-celle spredning av BKPyV. Oppsummert viser denne avhandlingen at BKPyV sprer seg i pre-urinen som fritt virus og via «decoy» celler. «Decoy» cellene bidrar til celle-til-celle spredning av BKPyV og kan potensielt hjelpe viruset å unngå nøytraliserende antistoff. Våre in vitro resultater resonnerer med kasuistikken vår, siden nøytraliserende antistoff alene ikke er nok for å fjerne BKPyV replikasjon.en_US
dc.description.doctoraltypeph.d.en_US
dc.description.popularabstractBK Polyomavirus (BKPyV) establishes a lifelong infection in the kidneys of most humans. In kidney transplant patients, the virus can reactivate and cause BKPyV nephropathy, a serious disease that damages the transplanted kidney. The aim of this thesis was to learn more about BKPyV replication and spread in the kidney, a necessity for development of future treatments. By characterising the antibody response in two patients with donor-derived BKPyV nephropathy, we show that neutralising antibodies are not enough to cure BKPyV nephropathy. Experimental work with human kidney cells in cell culture demonstrates that for each infected cell that is killed by BKPyV, viruses are released and infect the neighbour cells. Some viruses hide inside detached dead cells, and possibly avoid neutralising antibodies. Our findings suggest that BKPyV spread inside the kidney via the pre-urine, explain the focal distribution of BKPyV in diseased kidneys and stresses the need for an anti-viral drug.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipHelse Nord Forskerlinjen i medisin Avdeling for Mikrobiologi og Smittevern, UNN Tromsøen_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/33509
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherUiT The Arctic University of Norwayen_US
dc.publisherUiT Norges arktiske universiteten_US
dc.relation.haspart<p>Paper 1: Lorentzen, E.M., Henriksen, S., Kaur, A., Kro, G.B., Hammarström, C., Hirsch, H.H., Midtvedt, K. & Rinaldo, C. (2020). Early fulminant BK polyomavirus-associated nephropathy in two kidney transplant patients with low neutralising antibody titers receiving allografts from the same donor. <i>Virology Journal, 17</i>, 5. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/18477>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/18477</a>. <p>Paper 2: Lorentzen, E.M., Henriksen, S. & Rinaldo, C.H. (2023). Modelling BK Polyomavirus dissemination and cytopathology using polarised human renal tubule epithelial cells. <i>PLOS Pathogens, 19</i>(8), e1011622. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/31792> https://hdl.handle.net/10037/31792</a>. <p>Paper 3: Lorentzen E. M., Henriksen S. and Rinaldo C. H. Massive entry of BK Polyomavirus induces transient cytoplasmic vacuolisation of human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. (Manuscript).en_US
dc.rights.accessRightsembargoedAccessen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2024 The Author(s)
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0en_US
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)en_US
dc.subjectBK Polyomavirusen_US
dc.subjectRenal proximal tubule epithelial cellsen_US
dc.subjectVirus-host interactionsen_US
dc.subjectKidney transplantationen_US
dc.titleAn investigation of BK Polyomavirus replication in tubular epithelial cells: New insights into kidney dissemination and neutralising antibodiesen_US
dc.typeDoctoral thesisen_US
dc.typeDoktorgradsavhandlingen_US


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