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dc.contributor.advisorPedersen, Hege Lynum
dc.contributor.authorHovd, Aud-Malin Karlsson
dc.date.accessioned2025-04-14T14:06:04Z
dc.date.available2025-04-14T14:06:04Z
dc.date.embargoEndDate2027-05-02
dc.date.issued2025-05-02
dc.description.abstractSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjögren’s disease (SjD) are autoimmune diseases, characterized by immune responses against the body’s own cells and tissues. Chronic inflammation may induce the formation of tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS), which might drive the disease progression. Approximately half of the SLE patients develop lupus nephritis (LN), a renal manifestation where autoantibodies and immune complexes deposit in the kidneys, initiating an immune cascade that can lead to renal failure. This study investigated inflammatory responses in these autoimmune diseases, with a special focus on TLS development and function. RNA sequencing was performed to compare the cellular and genetic properties of renal TLSs, lymph nodes and kidneys in NZBW-F1 mice. We explored the role of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) as lymphoid tissue organizer (LTo) cells and CD4+ T cells as lymphoid tissue inducer cells. NZBW-F1 mice were topical treated with imiquimod, which are a TLR7 agonist. Additionally, we investigated macrophage dynamics in the salivary glands during virus-induced SjD in C67BL/6J mice. TLSs were identified in the renal pelvis wall of autoantibody positive and proteinuric NZBW-F1 mice, showing a lymph node like cellular and genetic profile. Genes involved in immune cell activation, recruitment and antibody production were upregulated during disease progression. MSC-like cells in the renal pelvis wall, and stimulated MSCs induced CD4+ T cell proliferation and differentiation into Th2 and Th17 subsets in vitro, suggesting a role in early inflammation and as LTo cell candidates during TLS development. IMQ treatment accelerated SLE onset, by early production of autoantibodies and renal infiltration of lymphocytes, but not development of proteinuria. An increase in T regulatory cells was observed during disease progression, indicating more regulatory mechanisms. The presence of macrophages affiliated with TLS may indicate a multifaceted role in TLS dynamics, contributing to proinflammatory responses, TLS development, function, and tissue fibrosis.en_US
dc.description.abstractSystemisk lupus erythematosus (SLE) og Sjøgrens syndrom (SjD) er autoimmune sykdommer hvor kroppens immunsystem danner immunrespons mot seg selv og produserer autoantistoffer. Både i SLE og SjD kan kronisk inflammasjon føre til dannelse av tertiært lymfatisk vev (TLS). Omtrent halvparten av SLE pasientene får lupus nefritt (LN) som er en nyrebetennelse som oppstår på grunn av renal deponering av autoantistoffer og immunkomplekser. Dette fører til aktivering av immunresponser, som kan også føre til nyresvikt. TLS kan være involvert i å stimulere sykdomsutviklingen av både SLE og SjD. Vi har undersøkt inflammasjonsprosesser i sykdomsutviklingen i disse sykdommene, spesielt i forhold til TLS-dannelsen, samt dens mulige funksjon. RNA-sekvensering ble brukt for å kunne sammenligne celle- og genprofilene i renale TLSer, lymfeknuter og nyrer i NZBW-F1 mus. Vi studerte rollen til mesenkymale stromale celler (MSCer) som mulige lymfoide vevsorganisator (LTo) celler og CD4+ T celler som lymfoide vevsinduser celler. NZBW-F1 mus ble behandlet topikalt med imiquimod, som er en TLR7 agonist. I tillegg, så ble makrofagdynamikken analysert i spyttkjertelen i en virusindusert modell av SjD i C57BL/6J mus. TLSer ble identifisert i nyrebekkenet i autoantistoff-positive og i proteinuriske NZBW-F1 mus. Disse strukturene hadde liknende celle- og genprofil som lymfeknuter. Gener relatert til immuncelleaktivering, rekruttering og antistoffproduksjon var oppregulert under sykdomsforløpet av LN. MSC-lignende celler ble oppdaget i nyrebekkenveggen. Stimulerte MSCer førte til CD4+ T-celleproliferasjon og differensiering til Th2- og Th17 celler in vitro. Dette indikerer at MSC kan være med på å stimulere tidlig inflammasjon og fungere som LTo celle under TLS-dannelsen. Imiquimod-behandlingen akselererte sykdomsutvikling av SLE. Vi så en økning av antistoffproduksjon og lymfocyttinfiltrasjon inn i nyrene, men behandlingen førte ikke til proteinuri. Økning av T regulatoriske celler ble observert under sykdomsforløpet, noe som antyder økte regulatoriske mekanismer. Tilstedeværelsen av makrofager i forbindelse med TLS, kan indikere deres rolle både innenfor proinflammatoriske og antiinflammatoriske immunresponser under TLS-dannelsen og sykdomsutviklingen.en_US
dc.description.doctoraltypeph.d.en_US
dc.description.popularabstractIn autoimmune diseases like Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjögren’s disease (SjD), the immune system attacks itself, causing chronic inflammation. This leads to an influx of immune cells into the affected organs. Here, they can organize themselves into structures known as tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs). This thesis investigated some of the mechanisms behind these autoimmune diseases, together with the potential crosstalk between the disease progression and TLS formation. We discovered that TLSs share similar cell and gene profiles as lymph nodes. In addition, the initiation of TLS could be influenced by special connective tissue cells known as mesenchymal stromal cells which will interact with infiltrated immune cells. We noted an increase of regulatory cells in the inflamed tissue during the disease progression, which may show that the body is attempting to balance the immune response. Macrophages, a type of phagocyte, were found surrounding the TLSs and may act as a double-edged sword in controlling inflammation and may both stimulate and supress the disease progression and TLS. A better understanding of these mechanism could lead to improvement of diagnosis and treatment strategies.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipSupported by Northern Norway Regional health Authority research grants HNF1375-17, HNF1343-17 and HNF1427-18.en_US
dc.identifier.isbn978-82-350-0019-4
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/36884
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherUiT The Arctic University of Norwayen_US
dc.publisherUiT Norges arktiske universiteten_US
dc.relation.haspart<p>Paper I: Dorraji, S.E., Kanapathippillai, P., Hovd, A.M.K., Stenersrød, M.R., Horvei, K.D., Ursvik, A., … Fenton, K.A. (2020). Kidney Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Lupus Nephritis Develop into Large Interconnected Networks and Resemble Lymph Nodes in Gene Signature. <i>American Journal of Pathology, 190</i>(11), 2203-2225. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/20723>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/20723</a>. <p>Paper II: Dorraji, S.E., Hovd, A.M.K., Kanapathippillai, P., Bakland, G., Eilertsen, G.Ø., Figenschau, S.L. & Fenton, K.A. (2018). Mesenchymal stem cells and T cells in the formation of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Lupus Nephritis. <i>Scientific Reports, 8</i>(1), 7861. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/14013>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/14013</a>. <p>Paper III: Hovd, A.M.K., Kanapathippillai, P., Skagen, T.E., Ursvik, A., Figenschau, S.L., von Hofsten, S., … Pedersen, H.L. Early imiquimod-induced onset of disease in lupus-prone NZBW-F1 mice. (Manuscript). <p>Paper IV: Hovd, A.K., Nayar, S., Smith, C.G., Kanapathippillai, P., Iannizzotto, V., Barone, F., Fenton, K.A. & Pedersen, H.L. (2024). Podoplanin expressing macrophages and their involvement in tertiary lymphoid structures in mouse models of Sjögren’s Disease. <i>Frontiers in Immunology, 15</i>, 1455238. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/35721>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/35721</a>.en_US
dc.rights.accessRightsembargoedAccessen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2025 The Author(s)
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0en_US
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)en_US
dc.subjectAutoimmunityen_US
dc.subjectTertiary lymphoid structureen_US
dc.subjectSystemisc lupus erythematosusen_US
dc.subjectSjögren diseaseen_US
dc.subjectInflammationen_US
dc.subjectMesenchymal stromal cellsen_US
dc.subjectMacrophagesen_US
dc.subjectT cellsen_US
dc.subjectLymphoid neogenesisen_US
dc.titleTertiary lymphoid structures and inflammation in Systemic Lupus Erythematous and Sjögrens Diseaseen_US
dc.typeDoctoral thesisen_US
dc.typeDoktorgradsavhandlingen_US


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Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
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