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dc.contributor.advisorDietrichs, Erik Sveberg
dc.contributor.authorSelli, Anders Lund
dc.date.accessioned2025-05-23T07:50:08Z
dc.date.available2025-05-23T07:50:08Z
dc.date.issued2025-06-06
dc.description.abstract<p><i>Background:</i> Hypothermia, defined as core temperature <35°C, is a lethal condition due to the risk of cardiovascular dysfunction and lethal arrhythmias. Despite this, treatment guidelines are inconsistent on pharmacological interventions. Basic research suggests diminished cardiovascular effects of β-agonist during hypothermia. The phosphodiesterase-3 (PDE3)-inhibitors milrinone and levosimendan, have both shown ability to alleviate cardiovascular dysfunction during rewarming in vivo. In order to implement safe use of such drugs in hypothermic patients, we aimed to investigate the pharmacodynamic properties of PDE-inhibitors milrinone, levosimendan, amrinone and pentoxifylline. As such pharmacological agents can cause arrhythmias in normothermia, we also investigated impact of the most promising drugs on cardiac electrophysiology. This is crucial to avoid risk for additional proarrhythmic drug effects, as reduction of core temperature alone is associated with increased risk for ventricular arrhythmias. <p><i>Methods:</i> Pharmacodynamic properties were assessed by using recombinant PDE3- and 5- enzymes, inside-out vesicles and washed erythrocytes. Inhibition of PDE3-activity, PDE5- activity, cAMP-efflux, cGMP-efflux and ability to reach the intracellular space was assessed at temperatures 37°C - 20°C. Electrophysiological effects on human induced stem cell derived cardiomyocytes were assessed for action potentials and contractility. <p><i>Results:</i> Intact pharmacodynamic properties for increasing cAMP were found for all drugs. Pentoxifylline showed increased IC50 for PDE5-inhibition at 20°C. Milrinone showed increased IC50 for inhibition of cGMP-efflux at 24°C and 20°C. Milrinone and isoprenaline increased triangulation, a proarrhythmic marker, during hypothermia. <p><i>Discussion:</i> PDE-inhibitors remain promising agents in treatment of hypothermia-induced cardiovascular dysfunction as they show preserved pharmacodynamics down to 20°C in vitro. Milrinone and the β-agonist isoprenaline should be used with great caution in hypothermic patients, as they increase an already high risk of lethal arrhythmias. Accordingly, levosimendan emerged as the most promising treatment alternative.en_US
dc.description.abstract<p><i>Bakgrunn:</i> Hypotermi, definert som kjernetemperatur under 35°C, er en potensielt dødelig klinisk tilstand med fare for kardiovaskulær dysfunksjon og arytmier. På tross av dette finnes det ingen gode retningslinjer for behandling av slike komplikasjoner, grunnet manglende vitenskapelig evidens. Basalforskning har vist at det er utfordrende å bruke legemidler av klassen β-agonister under hypotermi. Fosfodiesterase-3 (PDE3)-hemmere, som milrinone og levosimendan, har derimot vist god effekt på behandling av kardiovaskulær dysfunksjon under hypotermi og oppvarming in vivo. For å øke kunnskap om potensiell legemiddelbehandling av hypoterme pasienter, ønsket vi å undersøke de farmakodynamiske egenskapene til PDE-hemmerene milrinone, levosimendan, amrinone og pentoxifylline ved lave tempraturer. Siden både PDE-hemmere og β-agonister er arytmogene ønsket vi også å undersøke hvilken effekt legemidlene hadde på hjertets elektrofysiologi ved lave temperaturer. Dette var viktig ettersom hypotermi alene øker faren for arytmier. <p><i>Metode:</i> Farmakodynamiske egenskaper ble undersøkt ved hjelp av humane rekombinante PDE3 og PDE5 enzymer, inside-out vesikler og erytrocyttmembraner. Hemming av PDE3 og PDE5, cAMP-utpumping, cGMP-utpumping og evne til å nå intracellulærrommet ble undersøkt på temperaturer mellom 37°C og 20°C. Elektrofysiologiske effekter av legemidlene ble undersøkt på humane stamcelledervierte kardiomyocytter. <p><i>Resultater:</i> Intakt farmakodynamisk effekt for å indusere cAMP-økning ble funnet for alle medikamenter under hypotermi. Det var økt IC50-verdi for PDE5-hemming av pentoxifylline ved 20°C. Milrinone hadde økt IC50-verdi for cGMP-utpumping ved 24°C og 20°C. Milrinone og isoprenaline økte triangulering av aksjonspotensialet ved hypotermi, noe som indikerer økt arytmirisiko. <p><i>Diskusjon:</i> Forutsigbar og uendret farmakodynamikk for PDE-hemmere under hypotermi in vitro gjør medikamentene til lovende legemidler for behandling av kardiovaskulær dysfunksjon. Etter de elektrofysiologiske undersøkelsene fremstår milrinone og isoprenaline som mindre lovende behandlingsalternativer under hypotermi, siden de økte en allerede forhøyet arytmirisko gjennom økt triangulering. Levosimendan fremstår derfor som det mest lovende medikamentet for videre utprøvning.en_US
dc.description.doctoraltypeph.d.en_US
dc.description.popularabstractHypothermia, defined as a core temperature below 35°C, is a dangerous condition due to risk of heart failure and heart rhythm disturbances. Little research exists on medical treatment to prevent such complications in the heart and circulatory system at low temperatures, as drugs are developed for use in normothermic patients. Therefore, clinicians are lacking solid recommendations on how to treat hypothermic patients. In this thesis, investigations were carried out to reveal how well-known drugs work at temperatures down to 20°C. In addition, investigations of whether the drugs increase risk of heart rhythm disturbances were performed. This is especially important in treatment of hypothermic patients, as hypothermia itself increases the risk of heart rhythm disturbances. Our goal was to provide more information, to create a foundation for safe and efficient use of drugs to treat hypothermic patients, with the ultimate goal of improved survival in this patient group.en_US
dc.identifier.isbn978-82-350-0029-3
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10037/37119
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherUiT The Arctic University of Norwayen_US
dc.publisherUiT Norges arktiske universiteten_US
dc.relation.haspart<p>Paper I: Kuzmiszyn, A.K., Selli, A.L., Smaglyukova, N., Kondratiev, T.V., Fuskevåg, O.-M., Lyså, R.A., Ravna, A.W., Tveita, T., Sager, G. & Dietrichs, E.S. (2022). Treatment of Cardiovascular Dysfunction With PDE3-inhibitors in Moderate and Severe Hypothermia – Effects on Transport and Metabolism of Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate and Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate. <i>Frontiers in Physiology, 13</i>, 923091. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/26519>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/26519</a>. <p>Paper II: Selli, A.L., Kuzmiszyn, A.K., Smaglyukova, N., Kondratiev, T.V., Fuskevåg, O.-M., Sager, G. & Dietrichs, E.S. (2022). Pharmacodynamic properties for inhibition of cAMP- and cGMP elimination by pentoxifylline remain unaltered in vitro during hypothermia. <i>Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine, 30</i>, 73. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/28119>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/28119</a>. <p>Paper III: Selli, A.L., Ghasemi, M., Watters, T., Burton, F., Smith, G. & Dietrichs, E.S. (2023). Proarrhythmic changes in human cardiomyocytes during hypothermia by milrinone and isoprenaline, but not levosimendan: an experimental in vitro study. <i>Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine, 31</i>, 61. Also available in Munin at <a href=https://hdl.handle.net/10037/31748>https://hdl.handle.net/10037/31748</a>.en_US
dc.rights.accessRightsopenAccessen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2025 The Author(s)
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0en_US
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)en_US
dc.titlePharmacodynamic and electrophysiological properties of drugs used for cardiovascular support during hypothermiaen_US
dc.typeDoctoral thesisen_US
dc.typeDoktorgradsavhandlingen_US


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